Exercise dependence, social physique anxiety, and social support in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters

Abstract

Objectives-To investigate psychological correlates of exercise dependence in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters. Secondary objectives included measuring social physique anxiety, bodybuilding identity, and social support among bodybuilders and weightlifters. Methods-Thirty five experienced bodybuilders, 31 inexperienced bodybuilders, and 23 weightlifters completed the bodybuilding dependence scale, a bodybuilding version of the athletic identity measurement scale, the social physique anxiety scale, and an adapted version of the social support survey-clinical form. Results-A between subjects multivariate analysis of variance was calculated on the scores of the three groups of lifters for the four questionnaires. Univariate F tests and follow up tests indicated that experienced bodybuilders scored significantly higher than inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters on bodybuilding dependence (p<0.001), social identity and exclusivity subscales of bodybuilding identity (p<0.001), and social support scales (p<.001), and significantly lower on social physique anxiety (p<0.001). Conclusion-Experienced bodybuilders exhibit more exercise dependence, show greater social support behaviour, and experience less social physique anxiety than inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters. (Br J Sports Med 2000;34:431-435)

Athletic identity and its relationship to sport participation levels

“…However a number of other studies have found no differences in AI between different sporting levels [e.g. 7,[8][9][10][11][12]. What appears to be a more consistent finding is an AI difference between individuals who participate in sport and those who do not.…”

Avaliação da dependência à prática de karatê e a sua relação com o tempo de treino

“…A escala correspondente ao sexo foi apresentada e questionada qual representaria respectivamente sua imagem atual e ideal. Várias revisões têm sugerido efetividade na determinação individual e do tipo corporal idealizado, sendo a discrepância entres estas duas medidas um forte indicativo de nível de insatisfação corporal 12 . A autoavaliação subjetiva dos distúrbios de imagem corporal é em geral, estimada pelo emprego de Escalas de Silhuetas compostas por figuras especialmente construídas para esta finalidade 20 .…”

“…No âmbito da pesquisa no Brasil já foi validado um questionário que avalia DEF em maratonistas 8 e suas repercussões negativas, tradicionalmente descritas na população de atletas principalmente em maratonistas 8,11 ; porém alguns outros trabalhos já foram realizados com fisiculturistas e levantadores de peso 12 ; praticantes de corrida de aventura 6 ; ultra maratonistas 13 e até mesmo em atletas de karatê estilo Shotokan 14 . Em relação a este último público já foi registrado que há tendência dos atletas de karatê Shotokan exibirem um perfil de comprometimento à prática relacionado ao estilo de vida, mais do que uma dependência propriamente dita, abrindo a perspectiva de que a DEF esteja relacionada ao tipo de exercício praticado, além de outras variáveis com tempo de atividade, intensidade, frequência etc 10,14,15 .…”

Adaptation of the athletic identity measurement scale (AIMS-Plus) for the portuguese population

“…Several authors have been trying to understand this dimension of the identity concept since the 90´s (Brewer, 1993;Horton & Mack, 2000;Hurst et al, 2000;Martin, Mushet, & Smith, 1995;Smith, Hale, & Collins, 1998). The fi rst publications consider AI as a unidimensional construct defi ned it as the extent to which an individual identifi es him/herself with the role of the athlete (Brewer, Van Raalte, et al, 1993).…”

“…They also report more positive experiences than those athletes with lower levels of athletic identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993;LamontMills & Christensen, 2006;Wiechman & William, 1997). However, this high level of AI may lead to an overinvolvement with sports practice, emotional diffi culties associated with career choice, humour disorders, substance abuse, unrealistic expectations regarding a sports related career and a lack of preparation for life and work outside of the sports world (Grove, Lavalle, & Gordon, 1997;Horton & Mack, 2000;Hurst, Hale, Smith, & Collins, 2000). The intensity of AI varies in association with past relationship to sports and current athletic experiences, as well as the athlete's personal experiences with athletic failures and successes (Horton & Mack, 2000).…”