Exercise and the immune system: a model of the stress response?

Hoffman‐Goetz, Laurie; Pedersen, Bente Klarlund

doi:10.1016/0167-5699(94)90177-5

Cited by 436 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…2 Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA) is commonly measured to assess the immune response because of its sensitivity to physiological and psychological stress. 3 Most researchers agree that the immediate post-exercise increase in NKCA reflects the recruitment of NK cells into the circulation, mediated by sympathetic outflow and catecholamine action. 4 However, there is disagreement about the reasons for the transient NKCA decrease during recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired immune response to voluntary arm-crank ergometer exercise in patients with cervical spinal cord injury

Yamanaka

Furusawa²,

Sugiyama³

et al. 2010

Spinal Cord

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Study design: Non-randomized study. Objective: The mechanism underlying exercise-induced argumentation of natural killer cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA) in humans remains unclear. To address this, NKCA responses were studied during and after exercise in persons with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) and dysfunctional sympathetic nervous system. Setting: Kibikogen Rehabilitation Center for Employment Injuries. Methods: We examined the NKCA responses to 20-min arm-crank ergometer exercise at 60% of maximum oxygen consumption in eight persons with CSCI (between C6 and C7) and six able-bodied subjects. NKCA, adrenaline, and cortisol were measured before, immediately after exercise, 1 h after exercise, and 2 h after exercise. Results: In able-bodied subjects, NKCA increased immediately after exercise (Po0.01) and then decreased to below the pre-exercise level 1 h after exercise, before recovering to the baseline level at 2 h after exercise. Plasma adrenaline concentrations increased significantly immediately after exercise (Po0.01) and returned to the baseline level 1 h after exercise. The plasma cortisol level did not change throughout the study. In contrast, NKCA, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, and cortisol did not change throughout the study in subjects with CSCI. Conclusion: In subjects with CSCI, the lack of response in NKCA throughout the experiment is probably mainly due to a dysfunctional sympathetic nervous system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired immune response to voluntary arm-crank ergometer exercise in patients with cervical spinal cord injury

Yamanaka

Furusawa²,

Sugiyama³

et al. 2010

Spinal Cord

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“…In fact, Baslund et al [23] showed a good effect of 8 wks of bicycle training on the immune system of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, although they pointed out that it would need to be clearly established whether benefit occurs through direct modulation of cell counts and cytokines, or through changes in the activity of transcription factors for pro-inflammatory cytokines. In general, increased levels of T and B lymphocyte subclasses have been found during acute exercise [14,24,25], while controversial data have been obtained in the activity of NK cells since they have been found to increase during exercise [26], subsequently decreasing at the end of the effort [27], remain unchanged [28,29], or be reduced [30]. A metaanalysis of 94 studies evaluating NK cell counts showed that there is a marked increase at the end of exercise, and a catecholamin-mediated demargination of cells has been considered as being responsible for this occurrence [31].…”

Section: Generalitiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that high intensity, long duration physical training is associated with adverse effects on immune function [14,15]. On the contrary, it has been proposed [16] that training schedules with moderate exercise may lower the risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).…”

Section: Generalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural killer cells responsiveness to physical exercise: A brief review

Crisafulli¹,

Tocco²,

Melis³

et al. 2013

OJI

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Natural killer cells (NK) are a group of peripheral blood lymphocytes which display cytotoxic activity against a wide range of tumour cells. They are a consistent part of the inflammatory response that is activated when either internal or external injuries occur as they are able to synthesize perforins. An important role is played by NK cells in the host defence against tumours without expressing any antigen-binding recaptor in their membrane which, however, distinguish T and B lymphocytes. NK activity appears early in the immune response, thus providing immediate protection during the time required for the activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and for their differentiation into functional cells. Even though much research regarding the effects of aerobic training exercise on NK cell numbers and function, there appears to be much controversy regarding its effect. NK cells are rapidly mobilized into circulation in response to acute exercise, most likely by increased shear stress and catecholamine-induced down-regulation of adhesion molecule expression. However, tissue injury and inflammation which often accompanies strenuous exercise have been associated to post-exercise NK cell suppression. Scientific evidence indicates exercise-induced changes in NK cell redistribution and function should be strongly influenced by stress hormones including catecholamines, cortisol and prolactin as well as by soluble mediators such as cytokines and prostaglandins. The role of exercise therapy in cancer patients and survivors rehabilitation is becoming increasingly important as it is thought to modulate immunity and inflammation. However, more knowledge about the effects of exercise on immune function in these patients is needed.

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“…It is important to know not only how exercise affects the various components of the immune system, but also what level of exercise is clinically beneficial or deleterious for the individual (Hoffman-Goetz & Pedersen, 1994).…”

Section: Sports and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The implication of the binomial nutrition-immunity on sportswomen's health

et al. 2002

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The diet of many athletes is inadequate due to overly restrictive habits and an obsession with losing weight in order to maintain a particular level of body weight. Many female athletes, particularly those who participate in sports that emphasize leanness (gymnastics, distance running, diving, figure skating and classical ballet), have suboptimal energy and nutrient intakes and are at risk of compromised nutritional status, including fatigue, dehydration, nutrient inadequacies, delayed growth and an impaired immunocompetence. It is very well known that active women and girls who are driven to excel in sports may develop the so-called female athlete triad in which malnutrition, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis appear as typical signs of medical complications, frequently linked to serious psychological alterations. This outcome is mainly related to that found in eating disorders -syndromes in which athletes have been defined to be at increased risk. As a consequence of all these alterations, the immune system may be affected in athletes, and subsequently they might be more prone to infections. As there is a lack of knowledge about how the immune system may be affected in basal conditions of athletes, the study of immunocompetence as an index of the nutritional status is reviewed. In summary, it is necessary to encourage all professionals surrounding athletes to be aware of the importance of taking care of their nutritional status in order not only to avoid physical and psychological complications but also to improve performance and, thus, to achieve sporting goals.

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Exercise and the immune system: a model of the stress response?

Cited by 436 publications

References 37 publications

Impaired immune response to voluntary arm-crank ergometer exercise in patients with cervical spinal cord injury

Impaired immune response to voluntary arm-crank ergometer exercise in patients with cervical spinal cord injury

Natural killer cells responsiveness to physical exercise: A brief review

The implication of the binomial nutrition-immunity on sportswomen's health

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