Exercise and the Brain: Angiogenesis in the Adult Rat Cerebellum after Vigorous Physical Activity and Motor Skill Learning

Isaacs, Krystyna R.; Anderson, Brenda J.; Alcantara, Adriana A.; Black, J. E.; Greenough, William T.

doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1992.14

Cited by 358 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Rats exposed to IC conditions [43] or made DHA-deficient [44] have decreased brain weight and size, while DHA administration increases brain weight and size [44]. Brains of IC reared rats also exhibit decreased neurogenesis [45] and synaptogenesis [46], DHA has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons [47] and uridine promotes neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells [24]. DHA supplementation increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats [48] while consuming a diet deficient in DHA decreased these levels [49]; BDNF induces neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus [50]..…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats

Holguin

Huang

Liu

et al. 2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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Living in an enriched environment (EC) during development enhances memory function in adulthood; living in an impoverished environment (IC) impairs memory function. Compounds previously demonstrated to improve memory among IC rats include CDP-choline and uridine monophosphate (UMP). Brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis utilizes both the uridine formed from the metabolism of exogenous CDP-choline and UMP, and the choline formed from that of CDPcholine. It also uses the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) DHA, a precursor for the diacylglycerol incorporated into PC. DHA administration also improves cognition in young and aged rodents and humans; its effects on cognitively-impaired IC rats have not been characterized. We have thus examined the consequences of administering DHA (300 mg/kg ) by gavage, UMP (0.5% in the diet), or both compounds on hippocampal-and striatal-dependent forms of memory among rats exposed to EC or IC conditions for 1 month starting at weaning, and consuming a choline-containing diet. We observe that giving IC rats either dietary UMP or gavaged DHA improves performance on the hidden version of the Morris water maze (all P<0.05), a hippocampal-dependent task; coadministration of both phosphatide precursors further enhances the IC rats' performance on this task (P<0.001). Neither UMP, DHA, nor both compounds affects the performance of EC rats on the hidden version of the Morris water maze (P>0.05), nor the performance by IC or EC rats on the visible version of the Morris water maze (all P>0.05), a striatal-dependent task. We confirm that coadministration of UMP and DHA to rats increases brain levels of the phosphatides PC, PE, SM, PS, PI, and total brain phospholipid levels (all p<0.05), and show that rearing animals in an enriched environment also elevates brain PC, PS, and PI levels (all p<0.01) and total brain phospholipids (p<0.01) compared with their levels in animals reared in an IC environment. These findings suggest that giving DHA plus UMP can ameliorate memory deficits associated with rearing under impoverished conditions, and that this effect may be mediated in part through enhanced synthesis of brain membrane phosphatides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats

Holguin

Huang

Liu

et al. 2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Increased exercise may result in elevated trophic factor production (12,13), angiogenesis (29), and serotonin levels (30). Some of these variables may exert multiple effects, influencing learning, LTP, and neurogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice

Praag

Christie

Sejnowski

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

2,536

106

1,804

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Running increases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a brain structure that is important for memory function. Consequently, spatial learning and long-term potentiation (LTP) were tested in groups of mice housed either with a running wheel (runners) or under standard conditions (controls). Mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine to label dividing cells and trained in the Morris water maze. LTP was studied in the dentate gyrus and area CA1 in hippocampal slices from these mice. Running improved water maze performance, increased bromodeoxyuridine-positive cell numbers, and selectively enhanced dentate gyrus LTP. Our results indicate that physical activity can regulate hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and learning. N ew neurons are added continuously to certain areas of the adult brain, such as the hippocampus and olfactory bulb (1, 2). The functional significance of new hippocampal cells is not clear. In birds, food storage and retrieval experience correlate with changes in hippocampal size and neurogenesis (3). In mice, neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus increases with exposure to an enriched environment, and it is associated with improved learning (4). Similarly, voluntary physical activity in a running wheel enhances the number of new hippocampal cells (5). Although it is not known whether running also affects learning, it has been shown that physical activity facilitates recovery from injury (6) and improves cognitive function (7). Furthermore, trophic factors, associated with progenitor cell survival and differentiation (8), alterations in synaptic strength (9), long-term potentiation (LTP) (10), and memory function (11), are elevated after exercise (12, 13). At the cellular level, wheel running enhances the firing rate of hippocampal cells in a manner that correlates with running velocity (14). Thus, exercise may increase synaptic plasticity and learning, as well as neurogenesis. We designed the following experiments to test this hypothesis. Materials and MethodsSubjects. Thirty-four female C57BL͞6 mice, 3 months old (The Jackson Laboratory) were divided into two groups of 17, the controls and the runners. The runners had free access to a running wheel equipped with an electronic counter. During the first 10 days animals received one 10-mg͞ml intraperitoneal injection of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; Sigma), dissolved in 0.9% NaCl, filtered sterile at 0.2 m, at 50 g͞g of body weight per day to label dividing cells.Spatial Learning. The mice were trained on a Morris water maze (15) with either two or four trials per day for 6 days. The platform was hidden 1 cm below the surface of water; it was made opaque with white nontoxic paint. The starting points were changed every day. Each trial lasted either until the mouse had found the platform or for a maximum of 40 s. At the end of each trial, the mice were allowed to rest on the platform for 10 s. The time to reach the platform (latency), the length of swim path, and the swim speed were recorded semi-automatically by a video trackin...

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“…15 Under physiological stimulations such as shock, or physiologic stimulations such as exercise and education, the proliferation of endothelial cells could be observed in the subventricular zone and hippocampus of the adult mammalian CNS. 4,16,17 The factors secreted by endothelial cells can stimulate the proliferation of NSCs and induce their neural differentiation. [18][19][20] Besides, they further promote the migration of neurons or neural progenitor cells toward an injured part of the brain, extending neural processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferation and neurogenesis of neural stem cells enhanced by cerebral microvascular endothelial cells

Guo

Shi

et al. 2007

Microsurgery

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In adult mammalian brain, vascular cells reside throughout life, close to central nervous system germinal zones, and neural stem cells (NSCs) mainly localize in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, subventricular zone, and olfactory bulb. Microvessels appear to produce a special microenvironment that may influence the characteristics of NSCs. To explore this potential correlation, an in vitro model with cocultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) and NSCs was established in our study by using a transwell coculture system.

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Exercise and the Brain: Angiogenesis in the Adult Rat Cerebellum after Vigorous Physical Activity and Motor Skill Learning

Cited by 358 publications

References 55 publications

Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats

Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats

Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice

Proliferation and neurogenesis of neural stem cells enhanced by cerebral microvascular endothelial cells

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