Exercise and Regulation of Adipokine and Myokine Production

Exercise-induced Release of Cytokines/Myokines in a Single Exercise Test before and after a Training Intervention in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

“…As shown in this study with older persons with MCI and also in a previous study with younger depressed persons [50], the muscle work performed in a single exercise test is enough to increase the myokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α. Thus, the single exercise test with blood-samples taken at maximal workload is a time saving possibility to explore the release of myokines compared to longer single exercise bout with blood-samples previously described [42] Thus, our hypothesis that myokine levels would increase during muscle work at a single exercise test in persons with MCI could be accepted. In this study, we have not included age-matched healthy controls, thus we cannot tell if the response would be the same.…”

“…The release of myokines has been shown directly as a response to single exercise bouts< 3 h,and the ability to generate and secrete myokines has been shown to increase after aerobic and strength training> 8 weeks [42]. Our assumption is that a single exercise test of 10-12 min duration with increased inclination to maximal workload and corresponding increase in muscular work, could be a possible and effective way to study the stimulated release of myokines.…”

A Potential Mechanism Underlying the Effects of Acupuncture on Insulin Resistance

“…4 It has been reported that regular exercise activates the production and release of adipokines and myokines, both of which are involved in mediating its beneficial effects on DM and insulin resistance. 3 Although there is no literature reporting on the effects of acupuncture on adipo-myokines, we hypothesise that treatment of insulin resistance and DM using acupuncture may be associated with their upregulation. A previous study by Su et al 5 showed that acupuncture combined with electrical stimulation is effective at alleviating diabetes-induced muscle atrophy via activation of muscle regeneration, suggesting that acupuncture can, at least partially, stimulate the bioactivity of peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in a manner that resembles the effects of physical exercise.…”

“…3 Interestingly, increasing evidence implies adipomyokines (which consist of adipokines and myokines, are physiologically influenced by exercise, and are separately produced by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) in the pathogenesis of DM and the therapeutic mechanisms underlying management options. 4 It has been reported that regular exercise activates the production and release of adipokines and myokines, both of which are involved in mediating its beneficial effects on DM and insulin resistance.…”

Exercise-Diet Combinations for Enduring Health Advantage

“…Moderate-to-vigorous exercise, whether predominantly endurance or resistance, but essentially of a character that reduces "sitting-behaviour" has been shown invariably to provide benefits for prevention across the spectrum of diabetes risk and for intervention among 'borderline-cases' and those individuals with the type II diagnosis [11]. Myokines, a large group of cytokines, produced by muscular contractions, are released in response to various types of exercises with physical inactivity resulting in an alteration of the myokine response, in turn leading to a potential mechanism for the association between sedentary behavior and a plethora of chronic diseases, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cancer [12]. Myokine-efficacy, obesity, diabetes and a sedentary lifestyle exert a reciprocal determinant influence upon each other that is invariably detrimental to the individual [13].…”