Exercise and Estrogen Make Fat Cells “Fit”

Vieira‐Potter, Victoria J.; Zidon, Terese M.; Padilla, Jaume

doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000046

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…While the mechanism(s) behind FGF21’s potent insulin sensitizing effects are not completely understood, its adipose tissue-specific actions are thought to be key in predicting its systemic benefits (Adams et al 2012; Gomez-Hernandez, et al 2016; Samms, et al 2016). Exercise training has strikingly similar actions, profoundly affecting adipose tissue by reducing inflammation and improving mitochondrial metabolism (i.e., improving “immunometabolism”) (Thompson, et al 2012; Vieira-Potter, et al 2015), yet the mechanisms are not well understood. Intriguingly, a vast majority of studies demonstrate changes in circulating FGF21 levels with exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in adipose tissue do not require FGF21

Porter

Rowles

Fletcher

et al. 2017

Journal of Endocrinology

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Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity; it also improves adipocyte metabolism and reduces adipose tissue inflammation through poorly-defined mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleiotropic hormone-like protein whose insulin-sensitizing properties are predominantly mediated via receptor signaling in adipose tissue (AT). Recently, FGF21 has also been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, an association between exercise and increased circulating FGF21 levels has been reported in some, but not all studies. Thus, the role that FGF21 plays in mediating the positive metabolic effects of exercise in AT are unclear. In this study, FGF21 knock-out (KO) mice were used to directly assess the role of FGF21 in mediating the metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on white AT (WAT) and brown AT (BAT). Male FGF21KO and wild-type mice were provided running wheels or remained sedentary for 8 weeks (n=9–15/group) and compared for adiposity, insulin sensitivity (i.e., HOMA-IR, Adipo-IR), and AT inflammation and metabolic function (e.g., mitochondrial enzyme activity, subunit content). Adiposity and Adipo-IR were increased in FGF21KO mice and decreased by EX. The BAT of FGF21KO animals had reduced mitochondrial content and decreased relative mass, both normalized by EX. WAT and BAT inflammation was elevated in FGF21KO mice, reduced in both genotypes by EX. EX increased WAT Pgc1alpha gene expression, citrate synthase activity, COX I content, and total AMPK content in WT but not FGF21KO mice. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated anti-inflammatory role for FGF21 in WAT and BAT, but do not support that FGF21 is necessary for EX-mediated anti-inflammatory effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in adipose tissue do not require FGF21

Porter

Rowles

Fletcher

et al. 2017

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…An important source of inflammatory cytokines is AT [ 2 , 3 ]. AT expansion with caloric excess leads to infiltration of immune cells into AT, exacerbating AT inflammation and, consequently, increasing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from AT [ 4 , 6 – 8 ]. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating AT inflammation is important as it may elucidate new therapeutic targets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the molecular mechanisms by which obesity promotes AT inflammation remain poorly understood. Adipocyte hypertrophy in response to caloric excess leads to infiltration of immune cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes into AT, which can cross-activate one another, hence perpetuating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from AT [ 4 , 6 – 8 ]. AT is viewed as an active immunological organ that controls whole-body metabolism and cardiovascular function through endocrine mechanisms [ 2 – 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of Nlrp3 Does Not Protect Mice from Western Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Glucose Intolerance

et al. 2016

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We tested the hypothesis that loss of Nlrp3 would protect mice from Western diet-induced adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and associated glucose intolerance and cardiovascular complications. Five-week old C57BL6J wild-type (WT) and Nlrp3 knockout (Nlrp3-/-) mice were randomized to either a control diet (10% kcal from fat) or Western diet (45% kcal from fat and 1% cholesterol) for 24 weeks (n = 8/group). Contrary to our hypothesis that obesity-mediated white AT inflammation is Nlrp3-dependent, we found that Western diet-induced expression of AT inflammatory markers (i.e., Cd68, Cd11c, Emr1, Itgam, Lgals, Il18, Mcp1, Tnf, Ccr2, Ccl5 mRNAs, and Mac-2 protein) were not accompanied by increased caspase-1 cleavage, a hallmark feature of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, Nlrp3 null mice were not protected from Western diet-induced white or brown AT inflammation. Although Western diet promoted glucose intolerance in both WT and Nlrp3-/- mice, Nlrp3-/- mice were protected from Western diet-induced aortic stiffening. Additionally, Nlrp3-/- mice exhibited smaller cardiomyocytes and reduced cardiac fibrosis, independent of diet. Collectively, these findings suggest that presence of the Nlrp3 gene is not required for Western diet-induced AT inflammation and/or glucose intolerance; yet Nlrp3 appears to play a role in potentiating arterial stiffening, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.

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“…However, it is important to note that the current study was performed in female rats, whereas those other studies were conducted in male rodents. Female rodents are considerably more active than males, and estrogen may facilitate mitochondrial adaptations in adipose tissue [53]. Unfortunately, few studies have investigated the effects of exercise on adipose tissue mitochondrial function in female rodents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary wheel running improves adipose tissue immunometabolism in ovariectomized low-fit rats

et al. 2017

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Loss of ovarian hormones is associated with increased adiposity, white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR). Previous work demonstrated ovariectomized (OVX) rats bred for high aerobic fitness (HCR) are protected against weight gain and IR compared to rats bred for low aerobic fitness (LCR) yet wheel running prevents OVX-induced IR in LCR rats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adipose tissue immunometabolic characteristics from female HCR and LCR rats differs before or after OVX, and whether wheel running mitigates OVX-induced adipose tissue immunometabolic changes in LCR rats. Female OVX HCR and LCR rats were all fed a high fat diet (HFD) (n = 7-8/group) and randomized to either a running wheel or remain sedentary for 11 weeks. Ovary-intact rats (n = 7-12/group) were fed a standard chow diet with no wheel. Ovary-intact LCR rats had a greater visceral WAT inflammatory profile compared to HCR. Following OVX, sedentary LCR rats had greater serum leptin (p<0.001) and WAT inflammation (p<0.05) than sedentary HCR. Wheel running normalized the elevated serum leptin and reduced both visceral (p<0.05) and subcutaneous (p<0.03) WAT inflammatory markers in the LCR rats. Paradoxically, wheel running increased some markers of WAT inflammation in OVX HCR rats (p<0.05), which correlated with observed weight gain. Taken together, HCR rats appear to have a healthier WAT immune and metabolic profile compared to LCR, even following OVX. Wheel running improves WAT health in previously sedentary LCR rats. On the other hand, increased WAT inflammation is associated with adiposity gain despite a high volume of wheel running in HCR rats.

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Exercise and Estrogen Make Fat Cells “Fit”

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in adipose tissue do not require FGF21

Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in adipose tissue do not require FGF21

Loss of Nlrp3 Does Not Protect Mice from Western Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Glucose Intolerance

Voluntary wheel running improves adipose tissue immunometabolism in ovariectomized low-fit rats

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