Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity

Clarke, Siobhan F.; Murphy, Eileen F.; O'Sullivan, Órla; Lucey, Alice; Humphreys, Margaret; Hogan, Aileen; Hayes, Paula; O’Reilly, Maeve; Jeffery, Ian B.; Wood-Martin, Ruth E.; Kerins, David M.; Quigley, Eamonn M.M.; Ross, R. Paul; O’Toole, Paul W.; Molloy, Michael G.; Falvey, Éanna; Shanahan, Fergus; Cotter, Paul D.

doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306541

Cited by 1,027 publications

(1,109 citation statements)

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“…We studied the Irish International rugby football team during a pre-World Cup training camp in which dietary intake and physical activity were monitored. 13,14 A comprehensive range of observational and laboratory assessments were performed including: pattern and content of dietary intake, metagenomic fecal microbiota compositional analysis, body composition (by DEXA scanning), pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and creatine kinase. It is noteworthy that many professional rugby athletes might be classified as overweight or obese, due to their large muscle mass, if assessed by body mass index (BMI) alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and the microbiota

O’Sullivan

Cronin²,

Clarke³

et al. 2015

Gut Microbes

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101

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and the microbiota

O’Sullivan

Cronin²,

Clarke³

et al. 2015

Gut Microbes

Self Cite

140

101

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“…Nor were there significant differences in bacterial composition based on the relative abundance of OTUs. Diet, which leads to substantial changes in the microbiome, 28 , 29 could not be controlled, which may also have influenced results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of inflammation in temporal shifts in the inflammatory bowel disease mucosal microbiome

2018

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Studies of the human intestinal microbiome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consistently show that there are differences (an abnormal or unbalanced microbiome, “dysbiosis”) when compared to healthy subjects. We sought to describe changes in the microbiome in individual patients over time, and determine the clinical factors that are associated with significant alteration. Forty-two mucosal biopsies were collected from 20 patients that were spaced an average of 2.4 years apart. These were analysed using bacterial 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing methods. Presence of active inflammation was determined endoscopically and histologically. Inferred metagenomics analysis was conducted using the PICRUSt package. We found that the differences in the microbiome over time in individual patients were greatest in the presence of ongoing intestinal inflammation, as determined by the Yue and Clayton theta distance between sample pairs (adjusted p = 0.00031). Samples from patients with previous abdominal surgery had lower alpha (within sample) diversity compared with those with no prior operations (mean Shannon index 2.083, 2.510 respectively, p = 0.017). There were no changes in the inferred bacterial metagenomic profile. The microbiome in IBD undergoes considerable fluctuation over time. These changes are greatest when there is histologically confirmed inflammation at both time-points.

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“…In a recent study, elite athletes had a significantly more diverse gut microbiota compared with non-athletic size matched (high BMI about 30) and age/sex-matched (BMI < 25) control groups (74) . As the elite athlete group also consumed a significantly different diet, which provided more energy daily from carbohydrates, proteins and fat compared with the control groups, the present study suggested that both diet and exercise were driving factors in changing gut microbial diversity.…”

Section: Modification Of the Microbiome By Alteration Of Transit (Thementioning

confidence: 97%

The multifactorial interplay of diet, the microbiome and appetite control: current knowledge and future challenges

et al. 2015

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The recent availability of high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing technologies has rapidly advanced approaches to analysing the role of the gut microbiome in governance of human health, including gut health, and also metabolic, cardiovascular and mental health, inter alia. Recent scientific studies suggest that energy intake (EI) perturbations at the population level cannot account for the current obesity epidemic, and significant work is investigating the potential role of the microbiome, and in particular its metabolic products, notably SCFA, predominantly acetate, propionate and butyrate, the last of which is an energy source for the epithelium of the large intestine. The energy yield from dietary residues may be a significant factor influencing energy balance. This review posits that the contribution towards EI is governed by EI diet composition (not just fibre), the composition of the microbiome and by the levels of physical activity. Furthermore, we hypothesise that these factors do not exist in a steady state, but rather are dynamic, with both short-and medium-term effects on appetite regulation. We suggest that the existing modelling strategies for bacterial dynamics, specifically for growth in chemostat culture, are of utility in understanding the dynamic interplay of diet, activity and microbiomic organisation. Such approaches may be informative in optimising the application of dietary and microbial therapy to promote health. OverviewThe availability of high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing technologies has facilitated a range of new approaches to analysing the role of the gut microbiome in governance of human health (1) . Modern techniques suggest a role for the microbiome maintenance of, not only gut health but also systemic conditions, including cardiovascular health (2) , mental health (3) and obesity (3) . Despite wide media focus on excess energy intake (EI), recent scientific studies suggest EI perturbations at the population level cannot account for the current obesity epidemic (4) . The microbiome is responsible for the production of a highly complex and highly dynamic metaexometabolome. Well-known components of this include the SCFA acetate, propionate and butyrate, the last of which is an energy source for the epithelium of the large intestine (5) , as well as an inhibitor of histone deacetylation (and thereby cell fate determination) (6) . The energy yield from dietary residues entering the large intestine may account for as much as 10 % of EI (7) and is therefore a significant factor influencing energy balance. The guiding theme of this review is that this contribution towards EI is governed by EI, diet composition, the composition of the microbiome and levels of physical activity. Furthermore, we hypothesise that these factors do not exist in a steady state, but rather are dynamic, with both short-and medium-term effects

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Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity

Cited by 1,027 publications

References 49 publications

Exercise and the microbiota

Exercise and the microbiota

The role of inflammation in temporal shifts in the inflammatory bowel disease mucosal microbiome

The multifactorial interplay of diet, the microbiome and appetite control: current knowledge and future challenges

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