Excretion of estrone, estradiol, and progesterone in the urine and feces of the female cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)

Abstract

The excretion of three gonadal steroids was studied in the urine and feces of female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Each steroid, I4C-estrone, 14C-estradiol, and 14C-progesterone, was injected into a separate female cotton-top tamarin. Urine and feces were collected at 8 hr intervals for 5 days on the three tamarins. Samples were analyzed to determine the proportion of free and conjugated steroids. Steroid excretion patterns were determined by sequential ether extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and chromatography. Labeled estrone was excreted in a slow and continuous manner into the urine (57%) and feces (43%) with 90% of the steroid conjugated. The nonconjugated form had an elution profile identical to 3H estrone, but the conjugated portion was not completely hydrolyzed by enzyme. Labeled estradiol was excreted primarily in the urine (87%) and was released rapidly. Over 90% of the injected 14C-estradiol was excreted in urine as a conjugate, of which 41% was converted to an estrone conjugate and the remaining 59% was excreted as a polar estradiol conjugate. Labeled progesterone was excreted primarily in the feces (95%), 61% of which was free steroid. Four to six individual peaks of radioactivity were found when using celite chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), indicating that progesterone is metabolized into several urinary and fecal metabolites. One of these peaks matched 3H-progesterone and others may be pregnanediols, pregnanetriols, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. These steroidal excretion patterns help explain the atypical hormonal patterns seen during the tamarin ovarian cycle.

Diurnal variation on the excretion patterns of fecal steroids in common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ) females

“…In female common marmosets, Bos et al [1993] found a diurnal pattern for urinary estradiol concentration with higher values found at 0800 h. Estradiol was the primary estrogen excreted in the urine of marmosets [Callithrix jacchus: Hodges & Eastman, 1984;Harter & Erkert, 1991] but not tamarins [Saguinus oedipus : Ziegler et al, 1989] and in the feces for both species [Ziegler et al, 1996]. Additionally, for cotton-top tamarins, Ziegler et al [1989] determined that the majority of estradiol is excreted into the urine.…”

“…In female common marmosets, Bos et al [1993] found a diurnal pattern for urinary estradiol concentration with higher values found at 0800 h. Estradiol was the primary estrogen excreted in the urine of marmosets [Callithrix jacchus: Hodges & Eastman, 1984;Harter & Erkert, 1991] but not tamarins [Saguinus oedipus : Ziegler et al, 1989] and in the feces for both species [Ziegler et al, 1996]. Additionally, for cotton-top tamarins, Ziegler et al [1989] determined that the majority of estradiol is excreted into the urine. High values obtained for estradiol in urine at 0800 h by Bos et al [1993], together with the data of this study, which observed a tendency for fecal estradiol increases around 1000, suggest that both the quantity and the velocity of excretion of estradiol in feces were lower, and probably a diurnal variation for its profile was not obvious.…”

Non-invasive monitoring of endocrine status in laboratory primates: methods, guidelines and applications

“…group-living animals) this may be difficult. In addition, some primate species excrete insignificant amounts of hormones in the urine, with primary hormonal excretion found in the faeces (Perez et al, 1988;Ziegler et al, 1989). In these cases, faecal hormone analysis represents a suitable alternative to urinary hormone measurements.…”

“…Moreover, the route of excretion (whether a species excretes hormones preferentially into the urine or faeces) can also vary considerably among species, and between steroids within the same species (e.g. Ziegler et al, 1989). Given this extent of species variation, great care must be taken when applying urinary, but in particular faecal, endocrine measurements to a new species since extrapolation of findings from one species to another can be misleading (e.g.…”

A Review of Hormone Analysis on Primate Ecology

“…。しかし，尿は排泄後に時間が経 過すると乾燥して回収できなかったり，排尿場所によっ ては全く回収ができない場合がある。そのため，より 採取が容易な糞を用いた研究が，その後 1990 年頃から 飼育下および野生下で発表されるようになった (Lasley and Kirkpatrick, 1991;Wasser et al, 1988;Ziegler et al, 1989) 。雌の性ホルモン(特に種特異性のない性ステロ イドホルモン)濃度を分析することで，春機発動(繁 殖能力の発現開始) ，発情期(排卵期) ，妊娠の有無， 陰部腫脹との関係などが明らかにされてきた (Carroll et al, 1990;Curtis et al, 2000;Dahl et al, 1987;Heistermann et al, 1996;Kinoshita et al, 2017;Shimizu, 2005;Shimizu et al, 2003) Fourie et al, 2016) Fairbanks et al, 2011;Henley et al, 2013;Vliegenthart et al, 2016;Yamanashi et al, 2013) (Maggioncalda et al, 1999;Marty et al, 2015) ，その間に成長ホルモンの濃度も上昇 することが確認されている (Maggioncalda et al, 2000) 。 ただし，野生オランウータンにおける遺伝解析により， アンフランジ(フランジがない)雄でも子の父親になっ ていることが確認されており (Goossens et al, 2006) (Prudom et al, 2007;Roberts et al, 2001;Soltis et al, 2005;Ziegler and Snowdon, 2000;Ziegler et al, 1996) (Woods, 1975) Pettitt et al, 2007) 。糞中の水分含量が高いと，より一層細菌による 代謝は活発になる (Palme, 2005 (Khan et al, 2002;Palme, 2005;Pettitt et al, 2007;Woods, 1975 (Kinoshita et al, 2016) 。オランウータンやチンパンジーにおいて， 有機溶媒を用いてフィルターペーパーからホルモンを 抽出し分析に成功している研究例もある (Seraphin et al, 2008;Shideler et al, 1995;Thompson and Knott, 2008) 。 このように，調査地の状況に合わせてどのような保存 方法をとるべきかについても，予備実験で確認してお くことが重要である。また，近年は「Field-Friendly 法」 として，保存過程を経ずに野外で直接サンプルからホ ルモンを抽出し実験室に抽出物を持ち帰って分析して い る 例 も あ る (Nugr...…”