Excretion of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by a herd of beef suckler cows

Scott, CA; Smith, H.; Gibbs, H. A.

doi:10.1136/vr.134.7.172

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Clinical infections of C. parvum are mainly confined to calves, which can shed up to 10 7 oocysts per gram of their feces, and exceed 10 10 oocysts in daily output (Anderson 1981). In adult cattle, most of the infections are asymptomatic and are more common in the summer months with oocyst output as high as 10 4 oocysts/g (Scott et al 1994). In Idaho and Maryland, USA, 56% and 75% of the farms, respectively, had C. parvum-infected calves (Casemore et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas

Nizeyi

Mr²,

Tk³

2001

Parasitol Res

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The prevalence and intensity of shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts was investigated in cattle grazing in the vicinity of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis was 38% and 12%, respectively, with 10% concomitant infections. Shedding intensity varied from 130 to 450 oocysts/g (mean of 215 oocysts/g) and from 110 to 270 cysts/g (mean of 156 cysts/g). Significantly more pre-weaned than post-weaned cattle were infected with either parasite, and the pre-weaned cattle shed significantly higher numbers of either parasite than the post-weaned cattle. Mathematical modeling indicated that the maximum prevalence of asymptomatic infections can reach approximately 80% for cryptosporidiosis and 35% for giardiosis in the sampled cattle. Because C. parvum and G. duodenalis recovered from cattle can infect people and gorillas, cattle that graze within the Bwindi Park should be considered as a significant reservoir of these anthropozoonotic parasites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas

Nizeyi

Mr²,

Tk³

2001

Parasitol Res

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“…The high prevalence and the high oocyst shedding among animals on dairy farms indicate that calves can potentially be an important source of zoonotic infections in humans through direct contact of persons with feces and/or contamination of watersheds by waste from those farms (Sischo et al 2000). Infected hosts may excrete several millions to billions of sporulated oocysts with the feces (Scott et al 1994;Fayer et al 1998;Nydam et al 2001;Xiao et al 2001), which may survive and persist in feces and environment for extended periods, ranging from several weeks to many months (Robertson et al 1992;King and Monis 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan

et al. 2008

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The general perception is that cattle are major reservoirs for Cryptosporidium parvum infections in humans and that C. parvum is a major cause of diarrhea and production loss in cattle. Adult cattle may play an important role as cryptic carrier of the infection. Cryptosporidium spp. in asymptomatic adult dairy cattle from some farms around Osaki area, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, was examined on a field visit during August, 2007, by polymerase chain reaction techniques for detection, genotyping, and subtyping. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the feces of five out of 50 animals. Of the five Cryptosporidium-positive specimens available for molecular analysis, C. parvum was identified in three specimens, Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in one, and Cryptosporidium andersoni in one specimen. Amplification of Cpgp60 from C. andersoni and Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype samples revealed that these samples have light concurrent C. parvum infection. Sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene indicated that all C. parvum samples are IIa subtype. Detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype is geographically unique in Japan. The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in Japan may be much greater than that reported before.

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“…Although cryptosporidiosis is mainly confined to young individuals, low-level asymptomatic infections in postweaned and adult cattle have been reported (6), with up to 10 4 oocysts per g of feces excreted (17). In addition, postparturient ewes may shed increased but low concentrations of C. parvum oocysts (100 to 5,700 oocysts g Ϫ1 ) (21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Recovery and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum from Animal Fecal Matrices

Davies

Kaucner

Deere

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Accurate quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in animal fecal deposits on land is an essential starting point for estimating watershed C. parvum loads. Due to the general poor performance and variable recovery efficiency of existing enumeration methods, protocols were devised based on initial dispersion of oocysts from feces by vortexing in 2 mM tetrasodium pyrophosphate, followed by immunomagnetic separation. The protocols were validated by using an internal control seed preparation to determine the levels of oocyst recovery for a range of fecal types. The levels of recovery of 10 2 oocysts from cattle feces (0.5 g of processed feces) ranged from 31 to 46%, and the levels of recovery from sheep feces (0.25 g of processed feces) ranged from 21% to 35%. The within-sample coefficients of variation for the percentages of recovery from five replicates ranged from 10 to 50%. The ranges for levels of recovery of oocysts from cattle, kangaroo, pig, and sheep feces (juveniles and adults) collected in a subsequent watershed animal fecal survey were far wider than the ranges predicted by the validation data. Based on the use of an internal control added to each fecal sample, the levels of recovery ranged from 0 to 83% for cattle, from 4 to 62% for sheep, from 1 to 42% for pigs, and from 40 to 73% for kangaroos. Given the variation in the levels of recovery of oocysts from different fecal matrices, it is recommended that an internal control be added to at least one replicate of every fecal sample analyzed to determine the percentage of recovery. Depending on the animal type and based on the lowest approximate percentages of recovery, between 10 and 100 oocysts g of feces ؊1 must be present to be detected.The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of waterborne diarrheal illness in human and animal populations. The transmissive form of this organism, the oocyst, frequently finds its way into surface waters, either directly through sewage discharge or indirectly in runoff from land grazed by livestock or wildlife. Oocysts present in animal fecal deposits on land are clearly responsible for many event-related increases in the concentrations of in-stream pathogens in watersheds (3, 8). However, there are significant knowledge gaps regarding the mechanisms and magnitude of pathogen transport and the effects of environmental factors on oocyst inactivation (7). In particular, there have been few attempts to predict the fate of oocysts deposited on land by using quantifiable parameters. The responsible authorities are advocating adequate watershed management as a fundamental requirement for reducing pathogen risks to drinking water quality, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency is seeking estimates of total maximum daily loads for watershed pathogens (18). The quantification of transport mechanisms and environmental inactivation for key pathogens should enable models to be constructed that can be used to predict source water quality in order to better manage the factors that govern p...

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Excretion of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by a herd of beef suckler cows

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas

Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas

The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan

Recovery and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum from Animal Fecal Matrices

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