Exclusivity of breastfeeding and body composition: learnings from the Baby-bod study

Jayasinghe, Sisitha; Herath, Manoja P.; Beckett, Jeffrey M.; Ahuja, Kiran; Byrne, Nuala M.; Hills, Andrew P.

doi:10.1186/s13006-021-00389-x

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…HM intake and duration of exclusive breastfeeding are known to relate to infant growth rate [9,[47][48][49][50]. We found positive associations between 24-h milk intake and infant anthropometry (weight and length), lean body mass (FFM and FFMI), adiposity (FM and FMI) and z-scores (WAZ) (Table 3; Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

et al. 2021

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Human milk (HM) components may influence infant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant body composition (BC) and HM lactose, insulin, and glucose (concentrations and calculated daily intakes (CDI)) as well as 24-h milk intake and maternal BC at 3 months postpartum. HM samples were collected at 2 months postpartum. Infant and maternal BC was assessed with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Statistical analysis used linear regression accounting for infant birth weight. 24-h milk intake and CDI of lactose were positively associated with infant anthropometry, lean body mass and adiposity. Higher maternal BC measures were associated with lower infant anthropometry, z-scores, lean body mass, and adiposity. Maternal characteristics including BC and age were associated with concentrations and CDI of HM components, and 24-h milk intake. In conclusion, 24-h intake of HM and lactose as well as maternal adiposity are related to development of infant BC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

et al. 2021

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“…Although skinfold thicknesses have previously been used in anthropometry-based prediction equations (35, 48, 50-54), we are not aware of any study that has evaluated bioimpedance in combination with skinfold thicknesses in infancy. The addition of skinfold thickness increased the percentage of explained variance by 2% among 3-month-olds in the Babybod study (54), whereas in another study, R 2 was increased by 9% at 3 days and 15 weeks and by 23% at 54 weeks (35). Among our cohort at 6 weeks, the addition of subscapular skinfold thickness and abdominal circumference increased the absolute aR 2 by 1 to 2%, whereas aR 2 increased by 5 to 10% at 6 months, suggesting greater importance of these variables in late infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Prediction of fat-free mass in a multi-ethnic cohort of infants using bioelectrical impedance: Validation against the PEA POD

et al. 2022

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BackgroundBioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely used to measure body composition but has not been adequately evaluated in infancy. Prior studies have largely been of poor quality, and few included healthy term-born offspring, so it is unclear if BIA can accurately predict body composition at this age.AimThis study evaluated impedance technology to predict fat-free mass (FFM) among a large multi-ethnic cohort of infants from the United Kingdom, Singapore, and New Zealand at ages 6 weeks and 6 months (n = 292 and 212, respectively).Materials and methodsUsing air displacement plethysmography (PEA POD) as the reference, two impedance approaches were evaluated: (1) empirical prediction equations; (2) Cole modeling and mixture theory prediction. Sex-specific equations were developed among ∼70% of the cohort. Equations were validated in the remaining ∼30% and in an independent University of Queensland cohort. Mixture theory estimates of FFM were validated using the entire cohort at both ages.ResultsSex-specific equations based on weight and length explained 75–81% of FFM variance at 6 weeks but only 48–57% at 6 months. At both ages, the margin of error for these equations was 5–6% of mean FFM, as assessed by the root mean squared errors (RMSE). The stepwise addition of clinically-relevant covariates (i.e., gestational age, birthweight SDS, subscapular skinfold thickness, abdominal circumference) improved model accuracy (i.e., lowered RMSE). However, improvements in model accuracy were not consistently observed when impedance parameters (as the impedance index) were incorporated instead of length. The bioimpedance equations had mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) < 5% when validated. Limits of agreement analyses showed that biases were low (< 100 g) and limits of agreement were narrower for bioimpedance-based than anthropometry-based equations, with no clear benefit following the addition of clinically-relevant variables. Estimates of FFM from BIS mixture theory prediction were inaccurate (MAPE 11–12%).ConclusionThe addition of the impedance index improved the accuracy of empirical FFM predictions. However, improvements were modest, so the benefits of using bioimpedance in the field remain unclear and require further investigation. Mixture theory prediction of FFM from BIS is inaccurate in infancy and cannot be recommended.

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“…The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding with continued breastfeeding up to two years of life [ 8 ]. Breastfeeding confers many benefits to not only the child but the mother as well [ 9 , 10 ], such as reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, certain breast cancers, and ovarian cancer [ 11 , 12 ]. Recent research has examined breastfeeding’s association with postpartum weight retention with breastfeeding characterized in various ways including duration (months or weeks) or ever breastfeeding [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, and long-term postpartum weight retention

et al. 2023

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Background Almost half of all pregnant women in the United States gain weight above Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain guidelines. Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce weight retention in the first year postpartum; however, women with lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to initiate breastfeeding less often than women with higher SES. We investigated associations between duration of breastfeeding with mother’s long-term postpartum weight status at 4–10 years and evaluated whether the associations varied by SES. Methods Maternal and infant dyads (N = 2144 dyads) are from the Geographic Research on Wellbeing survey (GROW), 2012–2013, a long-term, cross-sectional follow-up of the Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA) based in California, USA. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was obtained from self-report of height and weight during MIHA, while breastfeeding history and self-report of current body weight was collected at the 4–10 year GROW postpartum visit. SES score was derived from a composite score of percent federal poverty level and education and was dichotomized into High and Low SES groups at a score of three. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine association between breastfeeding and maternal weight status, and to examine for effect modification by SES. Results Average long-term weight retention 4–10 years postpartum was 4.0 kg. Fewer lower SES vs. higher SES women breast fed at least six months (51% versus 70%, p < .001) or ever breastfed (74% versus 89%, P < .001). Women who breastfed at least six months had lower long-term postpartum weight retention compared to those who did not (b = -1.06 kg, (-1.93, 0.25); p = 0.01); however, these association did not vary by SES. Conclusion Six months of breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI at 4–10 years and lower body weight, and effects do not vary by SES. Future policies and guidelines should consider building an infrastructure that is supportive of longer breastfeeding duration. Moreover, further research is needed to identify the impact of additional behavioral and environmental factors on long-term maternal weight status. Understanding the drivers of excessive weight retention pospartum can help us not only improve the pregnant person’s health but the health of their children.

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Exclusivity of breastfeeding and body composition: learnings from the Baby-bod study

Cited by 4 publications

References 74 publications

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

Prediction of fat-free mass in a multi-ethnic cohort of infants using bioelectrical impedance: Validation against the PEA POD

Breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, and long-term postpartum weight retention

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