Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes

Abstract

Temporal development of maternal and infant microbiomes during early life impacts short- and long-term infant health. This study aimed to characterize bacterial dynamics within maternal faecal, human milk (HM), infant oral, and infant faecal samples during the exclusive breastfeeding period and to document associations between human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) intakes and infant oral and faecal bacterial profiles. Maternal and infant samples (n = 10) were collected at 2–5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days postpartum and the full-length 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was sequenced. Nineteen HMOs were quantitated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Bacterial profiles were unique to each sample type and changed significantly over time, with a large degree of intra- and inter-individual variation in all sample types. Beta diversity was stable over time within infant faecal, maternal faecal and HM samples, however, the infant oral microbiota at day 2–5 significantly differed from all other time points (all p < 0.02). HMO concentrations and intakes significantly differed over time, and HMO intakes showed differential associations with taxa observed in infant oral and faecal samples. The direct clinical relevance of this, however, is unknown. Regardless, future studies should account for intakes of HMOs when modelling the impact of HM on infant growth, as it may have implications for infant microbiota development.

Microbiota of preterm infant develops over time along with the first teeth eruption

“…The obtained result is consistent with other studies ( Dashper et al, 2019 ; Lif Holgerson et al, 2020 ). Cheema et al (2022) have reported specific taxa containing Streptococcus mitis , R. mucilaginosa , Veillonella parvula , S. salivarius , Gemella haemolysans, and Veillonella HB016, which formed the infant core oral microbiota at the first 3 months of life. Dzidic et al (2018) indicated Streptococcus , Veillonella , and Lactobacillus spp.…”

“…Protective factors of breast milk, such as maternal sIgA, may stimulate colonization with commensal bacteria, which perform an essential function in fulfilling the critical tasks required to build a microbial community to establish a healthy microbiota profile in the oral cavity ( Berger et al, 2020 ; Blum et al, 2022 ). Cheema et al (2022) indicated that the ingestion of oligosaccharides from human milk was associated with infant oral and fecal taxa, while their direct clinical relevance was unknown. Streptococcus spp.…”

New Strategies for Enhancement of Infant Milk Formulas Composition

“…Некоторые исследования показывают, что в составе микробиоты младенцев при исключительно грудном вскармливании в первые месяцы жизни бифидобактерии составляют лишь небольшую часть [24]. Большинство же, напротив, отмечают доминирующую роль этих микроорганизмов на раннем этапе онтогенеза [25][26][27], причем они обеспечивают, помимо перечисленных выше, важные функции продукции ароматических кислот, модулирующих кишечные иммунные реакции через взаимодействие с арилуглеводородными рецепторами -этот механизм участвует в формировании так называемой иммунной памяти [28,29]. Некоторые штаммы бифидобактерий содержат гены, кодирующие синтез важных ферментов, в том числе галактозидаз, фукозидаз и др., участвующих в расщеплении пищевых ингредиентов [30] и индуцирующих таким образом пластические процессы.…”

“…При этом разные микроорганизмы утилизируют разные олигосахариды. Так, основной олигосахарид грудного молока -2'-фукозиллактозу -утилизируют микробы рода Bifidobacterium spp., продуцирующие фермент ␣1,2-L-фукозидазу [25,30].…”

Contrasting Diversity and Composition of Human Colostrum Microbiota in a Maternal Cohort With Different Ethnic Origins but Shared Physical Geography (Island Scale)

“…The various components of colostrum have a great impact on the newborn’s health after birth. Among them, the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are thought to play a role in preventing pathogenic bacterial adhesion and orchestrating the development of the microbiota ( Cheema et al, 2022 ; Sprenger et al, 2022 ). Particularly, bacteria in colostrum can stimulate the anti-inflammatory response by stimulating the production of specific cytokines, gradually promoting the maturation of the newborn’s immune system, although most of them might not be residents of infant gut microbiota.…”