Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 versus 6 months and growth in early childhood

Jonsdottir, Olof H; Kleinman, Ronald E.; Wells, Jonathan C. K.; Fewtrell, Mary; Hibberd, Patricia L.; Gunnlaugsson, Geir; Þórsdóttir, Inga

doi:10.1111/apa.12433

Cited by 34 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The observed similarity of BMI trajectories among partial and exclusive breastfed Swedish children in our study may be explained by the quite small difference in duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the two groups and is compatible with literature . In addition, it is important to highlight that our findings do not contradict current recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Age at adiposity rebound and body mass index trajectory from early childhood to adolescence; differences by breastfeeding and maternal immigration background

et al. 2016

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Differences in BMI trajectories between offspring of immigrant and of Swedish mothers suggest a lack of beneficial association between breastfeeding and long-term BMI development among children of immigrant mothers. Given the relation between long-term BMI development and risk of overweight/obesity, these differences challenge the notion that exclusive breastfeeding is always beneficial for children's BMI development and subsequent risk of overweight/obesity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Age at adiposity rebound and body mass index trajectory from early childhood to adolescence; differences by breastfeeding and maternal immigration background

et al. 2016

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“…Worldwide substantial adverse health and nutritional outcomes are attributed to lack of EBF [ 23 , 24 ]. Results of this study suggest a protective effect of EBF against diarrhea, ARI and fever.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study

Khan

Islam

2017

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundDespite growing evidence in support of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among infants in the first 6 months of birth, the debate over the optimal duration of EBF continues. This study examines the effect of termination of EBF during the first 2, 4 and 6 months of birth on a set of adverse health and nutritional outcomes of infants.MethodsThree waves of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data were analysed using multivariate regression. The adverse health outcomes were: an episode of diarrhea, fever or acute respiratory infection (ARI) during the 2 weeks prior to the survey. Nutritional outcomes were assessed by stunting (height-for-age), wasting (weight-for-height) and underweight (weight-for-age). Population attributable fraction was calculated to estimate percentages of these six outcomes that could have been prevented by supplying EBF.ResultsFifty-six percent of infants were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. Lack of EBF increased the odds of diarrhea, fever and ARI. Among the babies aged 6 months or less 27.37% of diarrhea, 13.24% of fever and 8.94% of ARI could have been prevented if EBF was not discontinued. If EBF was terminated during 0–2 months, 2–4 months the odds of becoming underweight were 2.16 and 2.01 times higher, respectively, than babies for whom EBF was not terminated.ConclusionChildren who are not offered EBF up to 6 months of their birth may suffer from a range of infectious diseases and under-nutrition. Health promotion and other public health interventions should be enhanced to encourage EBF at least up to six-month of birth.Trail registrationData of this study were collected following the guidelines of ICF International and Bangladesh Medical Research Council. The registration number of data collection is 132,989.0.000 and the data-request was registered on September 11, 2016.

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“…Results from a randomized controlled trial performed in Iceland, showed no significant differences in energy intake [15], growth [14], or risk of being overweight [13] between those exclusively breastfed for 4 vs . 6 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that formula fed children grow more rapidly than children who are exclusively breastfed [11,12] and are at greater risk of childhood overweight or obesity [6] but less is known about the long-term effects of early solid food introduction in early infancy. In a recent randomized controlled trial, introduction of complementary feeding at 4 months of age did not increase weight gain in infancy and did not appear to affect the risk of overweight or obesity at 18 months or 29–38 months of age compared to infants exclusively breastfed for 6 months [13,14,15]. The aim in this current analysis was to assess the associations between infant feeding practice in early infancy and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years of age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Infant Feeding Practice Prior to Six Months and Body Mass Index at Six Years of Age

et al. 2014

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Rapid growth during infancy is associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity and differences in weight gain are at least partly explained by means of infant feeding. The aim was to assess the associations between infant feeding practice in early infancy and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years of age. Icelandic infants (n = 154) were prospectively followed from birth to 12 months and again at age 6 years. Birth weight and length were gathered from maternity wards, and healthcare centers provided the measurements made during infancy up to 18 months of age. Information on breastfeeding practices was documented 0–12 months and a 24-h dietary record was collected at 5 months. Changes in infant weight gain were calculated from birth to 18 months. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between infant feeding practice at 5 months and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years. Infants who were formula-fed at 5 months of age grew faster, particularly between 2 and 6 months, compared to exclusively breastfed infants. At age 6 years, BMI was on average 1.1 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.2, 2.0) higher among infants who were formula fed and also receiving solid foods at 5 months of age compared to those exclusively breastfed. In a high-income country such as Iceland, early introduction of solid foods seems to further increase the risk of high childhood BMI among formula fed infants compared with exclusively breastfed infants, although further studies with greater power are needed.

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Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 versus 6 months and growth in early childhood

Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 4 or 6 months of life does not seem to affect the risk of being overweight or the prevalence of those who were overweight in early childhood.

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Age at adiposity rebound and body mass index trajectory from early childhood to adolescence; differences by breastfeeding and maternal immigration background

Age at adiposity rebound and body mass index trajectory from early childhood to adolescence; differences by breastfeeding and maternal immigration background

Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study

Associations between Infant Feeding Practice Prior to Six Months and Body Mass Index at Six Years of Age

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