Exclusion zone and heterogeneous water structure at ambient temperature

Abstract

Earlier studies have reported the formation of an exclusion zone devoid of microspheres at the interface of water with a hydrophilic surface such as Nafion® or the hydrophilic ceramic powder. We now report the formation of a ‘three-dimensional cell-like structured exclusion zone’ in water prepared by two different methods. In the first, the hydrophilic powder was agitated with deionized water and allowed to rest (contact method). Subsequently, the ‘powder-supernatant water’ was collected and termed ‘contact water’. In the second method, deionized water in a closed container was kept in the close vicinity of the hydrophilic powder for an extended time-period and it was termed ‘non-contact water’. The two kinds of waters were tested by standard methods for various physical properties. In addition, we carried out cryogenic scanning-electron microscopy of frozen samples of the two kinds of water. The powder-supernatant water showed a cell-like heterogeneous ice structure with the high-density exclusion-zone water forming the walls of a cell-like structure. A similar cell-like ice structure was formed for water treated with the hydrophilic powder in a non-contact manner; the unit cell size depended on the ‘degree of structure’ in the water. When highly structured, the unit cell size was smaller with a concurrently enhanced dielectric constant and reduced redox potential. It was found that the electrical properties are more sensitive to the change in water structure compared to other physical properties such as surface tension, density, and specific heat. Based on our findings of an electric potential difference between the heterogeneous structured water and the ordinary water, we propose a new model to explain the relationship between heterogeneous, structured water and its electrical properties.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Protective Patches on Acupoints to Preserve the Bioenergetic Status against Magnetic Fields

“…Life is based on water that represents its universal support. The human body contains more than 50% by volume, but if we consider the total number of molecules that make up our body, water makes up 99% of the total [ 22 ]. Many studies have been carried out on the electromagnetic properties of water and on its behavior when it is exposed to electromagnetic fields [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Exclusion Zone Phenomena in Water—A Critical Review of Experimental Findings and Theories

“…Additionally, water in the EZ was reported to have a higher index of refraction, which is attributed to a higher density due to a change in the water’s structure [ 35 ]. Hwang et al attempted to measure the increase in density by dissolving a hydrophilic ceramic powder in water and then filtering the water, but only a small (0.4%) increase was observed [ 36 ]. While most experiments have been done showing exclusion of microspheres, one experiment from Pollack’s lab shows rejection of salt as well [ 37 ].…”

Deep into the Water: Exploring the Hydro-Electromagnetic and Quantum-Electrodynamic Properties of Interfacial Water in Living Systems

“…At charged surfaces, water super-coherent layers are called Exclusion Zones (EZs may be regarded as long-range ensembles of CDs), as solutes are excluded from them [63] [64].…”