“…As revealed by 31 P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) (Macaskie et al, 1992), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and proton-induced X-ray emission analysis (PIXE) (Yong and Macaskie, 1995a), microbially created HUP (polycrystalline HUO 2 PO 4 ⅐ 4H 2 O) is indistinguishable from HUO 2 PO 4 ⅐ 4H 2 O prepared chemically (Macaskie et al, 1992). A characteristic feature of HUP is its highly regular layered structure, in which sheets of uranyl phosphate anions are separated by water molecules creating a regular network of hydrogen bonds (Clearfield, 1988;Hunsberger and Ellis, 1990). The overall outcome of this highly organized crystal lattice is a high mobility of protons in the interlamellar space (Pham-Thi and Colomban, 1985), which gives rise to an intercalative ion-exchange property of HUP.…”