Excitatory and Inhibitory Response Areas of Auditory Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus

Greenwood, Donald D.; Maruyama, Naoshige

doi:10.1152/jn.1965.28.5.863

Cited by 127 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…The tuning curves of Fig. 3 are very like those found by Greenwood & Maruyama (1965) in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. Changes of firing pattern at different intensities, similar to those in Fig.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Auditory responses of neurones in the lateral mesencephalic nucleus (inferior colliculus) of the Barbary dove

Biederman-Thorson¹

1967

The Journal of Physiology

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Auditory responses of neurones in the lateral mesencephalic nucleus (inferior colliculus) of the Barbary dove

Biederman-Thorson¹

1967

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Furthermore, it was shown by Greenwood & Maruyama (1965), Paolini & Clark (1999), and others that there was an interplay between excitation and suppression (presumed inhibition) in the brainstem nuclei for processing auditory 1967-1975 1974-1978 perception of frequency and intensity codes using electrical stimulation surgery on adults 1978-1979 1978-1979 improved speech processing strategies industrial development:…”

Section: The Coding Of Sound Frequencies With Electrical Stimulation mentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiple-channel cochlear implant: the interface between sound and the central nervous system for hearing, speech, and language in deaf people—a personal perspective

Clark

2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The multiple-channel cochlear implant is the first sensori-neural prosthesis to effectively and safely bring electronic technology into a direct physiological relation with the central nervous system and human consciousness, and to give speech perception to severely-profoundly deaf people and spoken language to children.Research showed that the place and temporal coding of sound frequencies could be partly replicated by multiple-channel stimulation of the auditory nerve. This required safety studies on how to prevent the effects to the cochlea of trauma, electrical stimuli, biomaterials and middle ear infection. The mechanical properties of an array and mode of stimulation for the place coding of speech frequencies were determined.A fully implantable receiver-stimulator was developed, as well as the procedures for the clinical assessment of deaf people, and the surgical placement of the device. The perception of electrically coded sounds was determined, and a speech processing strategy discovered that enabled latedeafened adults to comprehend running speech. The brain processing systems for patterns of electrical stimuli reproducing speech were elucidated. The research was developed industrially, and improvements in speech processing made through presenting additional speech frequencies by place coding. Finally, the importance of the multiple-channel cochlear implant for early deafened children was established.Keywords: multiple-channel cochlear implant; electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve; management of severe-profound hearing loss OVERVIEWThe multiple-channel cochlear implant restores useful hearing in severely-profoundly deaf people. It bypasses the malfunctioning inner ear (cochlea) and provides information to the auditory centres in the brain through electrical stimulation of the hearing (auditory) nerves (figure 1). It has enabled tens of thousands of severelyprofoundly deaf people in over 70 countries to communicate in a hearing world. Deaf people have significant limitations communicating at home and in work environments, and this substantially affects their quality of life. Children born deaf or deafened early in life have difficulty developing spoken language. This affects their education, and as a result it is harder to obtain employment. The child's deafness may also create stresses within the family. Hearing occurs normally when sound vibrations are transmitted via the external and middle ears to the sense organ of hearing (organ of Corti) in the cochlea (figure 2). The organ of Corti lies on the basilar membrane, which vibrates selectively to different sound frequencies, so that it acts as a sound filter. High frequencies produce maximal vibrations at the basal end, and low frequencies at the apical end. Inner hair cells in the organ of Corti (figure 2) convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses that provide temporal and spatial patterns of auditory nerve excitation in the higher brain centres. In most cases, when a person has a severe-profound hearing loss they will have lost most ...

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“…Interplay between excitatory and inhibitory inputs can result in non-monotonic rate-intensity functions (Greenwood and Maruyama, 1965;Brugge and Merzenich, 1973). Thus, the physiological response to increasing sound level also involves inhibition of the activity of narrow-band, low intensity-sensitive neurones.…”

Section: A Neurophysiological Bases For the Auditory Activation Chanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements of sound-level encoding in the absence of background scanner noise

Hall

Haggard

Summerfield

et al. 2001

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Effects of sound-level on auditory cortical activation are seen in neuroimaging data. However, factors such as the cortical response to the intense ambient scanner noise and to the bandwidth of the acoustic stimuli will both confound precise quantification and interpretation of such sound-level effects. The present study used temporally "sparse" imaging to reduce effects of scanner noise. To achieve control for stimulus bandwidth, we compared 3 schemes for sound-level matching across bandwidth: component level, root mean square power and loudness. The calculation of the loudness match was based on the model reported by Moore et al. (1996). Ten normally-hearing volunteers were scanned using fMRI whilst listening to a 300-Hz tone presented at six different sound levels between 66 and 91 dB SPL and a harmonic-complex tone (F 0 = 186 Hz) presented at 65 and 85 dB SPL. This range of sound levels encompassed all three bases of sound-level matching. Activation in the superior temporal gyrus, induced by each of the 8 tone conditions relative to a quiet baseline condition, was quantified as to extent and magnitude. Sound level had a small, but significant, effect on the extent of activation for the pure tone, but not for the harmonic-complex tone, whilst it had a significant effect on the response magnitude for both types of stimulus. Response magnitude increased linearly as a function of sound level for the full range of levels for the pure tone. The harmoniccomplex tone produced greater activation than the pure tone, irrespective of the matching scheme for sound level, indicating that bandwidth had a greater effect on the pattern of auditory activation than sound level. Nevertheless, when the data were collapsed across stimulus class, extent and magnitude were significantly correlated with the loudness scale (measured in phons), but not with the intensity scale (measured in SPL). We therefore recommend the loudness formula as the most D.Hall "fMRI measurements of sound-level encoding" 2 appropriate basis of matching sound level to control for loudness effects when cortical responses to other stimulus attributes, such as stimulus class, are the principal concern.

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Excitatory and Inhibitory Response Areas of Auditory Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus

Cited by 127 publications

References 0 publications

Auditory responses of neurones in the lateral mesencephalic nucleus (inferior colliculus) of the Barbary dove

Auditory responses of neurones in the lateral mesencephalic nucleus (inferior colliculus) of the Barbary dove

The multiple-channel cochlear implant: the interface between sound and the central nervous system for hearing, speech, and language in deaf people—a personal perspective

Functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements of sound-level encoding in the absence of background scanner noise

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