“…Fig. 5 compares the various cross-sections for direct reaction of 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga [ [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ] with an overall uncertainty of 7.4 % in terms of incident proton energy. It indicates that the maximum probability of the reaction occurs between 10 and 14 MeV of proton energy for (p,n) reaction.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 5 The cross sections in terms of incident proton energy for the 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga reaction [ [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, Naik et al [ 24 ] measured the cross sections for 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga reaction for various proton energies from 8.6 MeV to 17.7 MeV with an overall uncertainty of 7.7 %–9.6 %. Their reported cross sections were 948 mb and 390 mb for incident proton energies of 12.1 MeV and 15.1 MeV, respectively.…”
“…Fig. 5 compares the various cross-sections for direct reaction of 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga [ [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ] with an overall uncertainty of 7.4 % in terms of incident proton energy. It indicates that the maximum probability of the reaction occurs between 10 and 14 MeV of proton energy for (p,n) reaction.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 5 The cross sections in terms of incident proton energy for the 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga reaction [ [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, Naik et al [ 24 ] measured the cross sections for 68 Zn(p,n) 68 Ga reaction for various proton energies from 8.6 MeV to 17.7 MeV with an overall uncertainty of 7.7 %–9.6 %. Their reported cross sections were 948 mb and 390 mb for incident proton energies of 12.1 MeV and 15.1 MeV, respectively.…”
“…While of these 63 Cu(n, 𝛾) is not useful for medical application due to the inherent low specific activity and the need of reactor or neutron generator [7]. 64 Cu is a byproduct of 67 Zn in the 68 Zn(p, pn) reaction, and is produced via 68 Zn(p, 𝛼n) reaction channel, but the 68 Zn(p, 𝛼n) channel cross section is too small about tens of millibarns to apply for production in the hospital [8]. 64 Ni(d, 2n) reaction employs deuteron to irradiate the target with high cross sections [9], but it is not an economical route due to the cost of deuterons and the target.…”
Cooper-64 (64Cu) has good potential for use in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. It can be produced by irradiating an enriched 64Ni target with a small proton cyclotron system. Based on the demand for 64Cu, a suitable production plan can be developed. Due to the high cost of 64Ni, it is important to simulate the production process in order to find a cost-effective method for producing 64Cu. In this work, Geant4 software was used in conjunction with the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VII.1) and the TALYS-based Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (TENDL-2019) to calculate the 64Ni(p,n)64Cu reaction cross section. The TRIM code was then used to calculate the proton projection range in the 64Ni target. Finally, the saturation yield of 64Cu was obtained for proton energies between 2 MeV and 20 MeV and target thicknesses ranging from 0.1 mm to 1 mm.
“…It is based on irradiation of the stable 68 Zn isotope using medical cyclotrons. The 68 Zn( p,n ) 68 Ga nuclear reaction has a large cross-section and can provide 68 Ga with high radionuclidic purity [ 3 ]. Traditionally, proton bombardment of solid targets has been used as a primary method of producing PET radiometals.…”
The cyclotron production of gallium-68 via the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga nuclear reaction in liquid targets is gaining significant traction in clinics. This work describes (1) the synthesis of new arylamino phosphonates via the Kabachnik–Fields reaction, (2) their use for liquid–liquid extraction of 68Ga from 1 M Zn(NO3)2/0.01 M HNO3 in batch and continuous flow, and (3) the use of Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for in-line measurement of 68Zn. The highest extraction efficiencies were obtained with the extractants functionalized with trifluoromethyl substituents and ethylene glycol ponytails, which were able to extract up to 90% of gallium-68 in batch and 80% in flow. Only ppm amounts of zinc were co-extracted. The extraction efficiency was a function of pKa and the aqueous solubility of the extractant and showed marked concentration, solvent, and temperature dependence. Raman spectroscopy was found to be a promising PAT tool for the continuous production of gallium-68.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
