Excimer laser superficial keratectomy for proud nebulae in keratoconus.

European clinical evaluation: Use of Intacs for the treatment of keratoconus

“…These procedures have not gained popularity in treating keratoconus because of reported complications, corneal instability, and poor predictability. [6][7][8][9] Intacs inserts are currently approved in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and in Europe by the Communauté Européene for use in the reduction or elimination of myopia and astigmatism. They have been reported to be an effective modality for the treatment of keratoconus and to stabilize ectasia resulting from keratorefractive surgery or other causes.…”

Sequential Intacs and Verisyse phakic intraocular lens for refractive improvement in keratoconic eyes

“…Additive techniques seem more appropriate. [5][6][7][8] Several short-term studies explored implanting intrastromal corneal rings to correct low myopia. Studies showed the efficacy of intrastromal rings in eyes with keratoconus.…”

Outcome of Keratoconus Management: Review of the Past 20 Years' Contemporary Treatment Modalities

“…56 PTK in KC eyes with proud nebulae or subepithelial nodules improved CL tolerance. 47,50 However, recurrence of a nodule occurred in 20% of eyes 47 and loss of visual acuity in 40%. 50 Ablative procedures would seem counterintuitive in managing a progressive disease of corneal thinning.…”

“…49 Although the role of PRK and LASIK is limited to correcting the compound myopic refractive error associated with KC, PTK has been shown to treat the proud nebulae in KC and thus improve CL tolerance. 47,50 Although the success of ablative procedures is reported only in stable KC, the combination of ablative procedures with procedures such as CXL that stabilizes KC has a role in KC management. 51,52 CXL stabilizes or arrests the KC progression, whereas the ablative procedures help to reduce the refractive error thereby improving both uncorrected and corrected visual acuities.…”