Exchangeable Cation Analysis of Saline and Alkali Soils

Bower, C. A.; Reitemeier, R. F.; Fireman, Milton

doi:10.1097/00010694-195204000-00001

Cited by 530 publications

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“…The determination of the physico-chemical properties was carried out in duplicate on the <100 urn size fraction: Soil pH and electrical conductivity were measured in 1:2 and 1:5 soil/water extracts, respectively, oxidisable organic matter content was determined using the Walkley-Black method (Walkley 1935), calcium carbonate was determined with the calcimeter Bernard method (Allison and Moodie 1965), and cation exchange capacity was evaluated with 1 N ammonium acetate (Bower et al 1952). Analyses of the WEPAL ISE 987 standard yielded results that were 116, 102 and 90 % of the certified values for oxidisable organic matter, pH and calcium carbonate, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between soil geochemistry and the bioaccessibility of trace elements in playground soil

Miguel

Mingot

Chacón

et al. 2012

Environ Geochem Health

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A total of 32 samples of surficial soil were collected from 16 playground areas in Madrid (Spain), in order to investigate the importance of the geochemistry of the soil on subsequent bioaccessibility of trace elements. The in vitro bioaccessibility of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated by means of two extraction processes that simulate the gastric environment and one that reproduces a gastric + intestinal digestion sequence. The results of the in vitro bioaccessibility were compared against aqua regia extractions ("total" concentration), and it was found that total concentrations of As, Cu, Pb and Zn were double those of bioaccessible values, whilst that of Cr was ten times higher. Whereas the results of the gastric + intestinal extraction were affected by a high uncertainty, both gastric methods offered very similar and consistent results, with bioaccessibilities following the order:As -Cu -Pb -Zn > Co > Ni > Cr, and ranging from 63 to 7 %. Selected soil properties including pH, organic matter, Fe and CaCC>3 content were determined to assess their influence on trace element bioaccessibility, and it was found that Cu, Pb and Zn were predominantly bound to organic matter and, to a lesser extent, Fe oxides. The former fraction was readily accessible in the gastric solution, whereas Fe oxides seemed to recapture negatively charged chloride complexes of these elements in the gastric solution, lowering their bioaccessibility. The homogeneous pH of the playground soils included in the study does not influence trace element bioaccessibility to any significant extent except for Cr, where the very low gastric accessibility seems to be related to the strongly pH-dependent formation of complexes with organic matter. The results for As, which have been previously described and discussed in detail in Mingot et al. (Chemosphere 84: 1386-1391, indicate a high gastric bioaccessibility for this element as a consequence of its strong association with calcium carbonate and the ease with which these bonds are broken in the gastric solution. The calculation of risk assessments are therefore dependant on the methodology used and the specific environment they address. This has impacts on management strategies formulated to ensure that the most vulnerable of society, children, can live and play without adverse consequences to their health.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between soil geochemistry and the bioaccessibility of trace elements in playground soil

Miguel

Mingot

Chacón

et al. 2012

Environ Geochem Health

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“…Each layer from each pit was sampled and analysed. The following parameters were evaluated: Percentage (w/w) of Clay, Loam and Sand in the soil fraction < 2 mm by Robinson's pipette method according to Gee and Bauder (1986) and texture taxonomy by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Percentage of coarse elements with diameter > 2 mm (Ө, w/w); Soil moisture at Field Capacity (FC, % w/w) and at Permanent Wilting Point (PWP, % w/w) by comparing the weights of dry and wet soil under suction pressure of 0.3 and 1.5 MPa, respectively (according to Miller and Gardiner, 1998), using vacuum machines by Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment BV (Giesbeek, Holland), after separating course elements; Bulk Density (r, g cm -3 ) by excavation method (according to Blake and Hartge, 1986) and Thickness (H, m); Useful Water Reserve (UWR, mm) by calculation UWR = (FC-PWP)*(100-Ө)*H* r; pH (ratio 1:2.5); Electric Conductivity (ratio 1:5, 25 ºC, dS m -1 ); Total Organic Matter (MOT, % w/w) by determination of the Oxidable Organic Carbon (COO) (titration with iron sulphate (FeSO 4 ) of the excess of potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 )) and calculation MOT = COO*1.29*1.72 (being 1.29 and 1.72 the recuperation coefficient and the Van Bemmelen conversion coefficient, respectively) according to Porta et al (1986); Total Nitrogen (% w/w) following Kjeldahl digestion as described by Bremmer and Mulvaney (1986); Available Phosphorous (mg kg -1 ) according to Olsen method (1954); Total Carbonate (% w/w) and Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (% w/w) by reaction with hydrogen chloride (HCl) and measurement of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) according to the method of Bernard calcimeter as described by Porta et al (1986); Exchangeable calcium (Ca ++ , mmol kg -1 ), magnesium (Mg ++ , mmol kg -1 ), potassium (K + , mg kg -1 ) and sodium (Na + , mg kg -1 ) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry as described by Rowell (1996); Cationic Exchange Capacity (mmol kg -1 ) by saturation with ammonium acetate (CH 3 COONH 4 ) (Bower et al, 1952).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus interference on local scale viticulture: the case of Moll variety from Majorca (Spain)

Cretazzo

Padilla

Bota³

et al. 2013

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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“…Particle-size analysis: hydrometer method (Gee and Bauder 1986); calcium carbonate equivalents (CCE): back titration procedure (Leoppert and Suarez 1996); soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC): 1:2 soil: water extract after shaking for 30 min (Hesse 1971); organic carbon (OC): dichromate oxidation and titration with ferrous ammonium sulfate (Walkley and Black 1934); total nitrogen (TN): Kjeldahl method (Hinds and Lowe 1980); cation-exchange capacity (CEC): according to Bower et al (1952); available phosphorus: extraction with 0.5M NaHCO 3 (pH 8.5) and determination spectrophotometrically as blue molybdate-phosphate complexes under partial reduction with ascorbic acid (Jackson 1958).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of effect of different sterilization methods on soil biomass phosphorus extracted with NaHCO3

Sinegani¹,

Hosseinpur²

2010

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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Soil microbial biomass is a dynamic force driving soil phosphorus cycling in soils. The temperature, time and method for killing soil organisms in soil biomass P determination are so important factors that affect the results. The aim of this study was to compare some methods of soil sterilization and soil microbial P (Pm) release in extraction with NaHCO 3 . Five samples of calcareous soils in three replicates were incubated in field capacity and 28°C. The texture of soils differed from loamy sand to sandy loam. They had 10-15% equivalent calcium carbonate, 1-3% organic carbon and 40-90 mg/kg available P content. After 1, 10, 30, and 50 days of incubation a portion of each soil was sterilized by five methods (chloroform fumigation, autoclaving at 121°C for 0.5 h, oven drying at 70°C for 48 h, oven drying at 180°C for 2 h, and ultrasonification). Phosphorus of the sterilized and control soils were extracted with 0.5M NaHCO 3 (pH 8.5) and determined spectrophotometrically as blue molybdate-phosphate complexes under partial reduction with ascorbic acid. Results showed that the method of soil sterilization and soil type had significant effects on biomass P estimated in soils (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between extracted biomass P at chloroform fumigation, autoclaving at 121°C for 0.5 h, and oven drying at 70°C for 48 h. However biomass P was significantly more extracted from soil by oven drying at 180°C for 2 h and by ultrasonification. Fixation of Pm in soil during the extraction period can reduce the precision of biomass P estimates. This effect was more obvious in biomass P determination by fumigation and oven drying at 70°C for 48 h. Biomass P determined by these methods and autoclaving had positive and significant correlations with soil sand contents, respectively due to long sterilization period and temperature. Ultrasonification released more P from these calcareous soils especially at the start of soil incubation. It released higher microbial P and reduced P sorption in soils; biomass P determined by this method compared to other methods had relatively higher correlations with fungi, glumales spore and P solubilizing bacteria numbers in soil.

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Exchangeable Cation Analysis of Saline and Alkali Soils

Cited by 530 publications

References 0 publications

The relationship between soil geochemistry and the bioaccessibility of trace elements in playground soil

The relationship between soil geochemistry and the bioaccessibility of trace elements in playground soil

Virus interference on local scale viticulture: the case of Moll variety from Majorca (Spain)

Evaluation of effect of different sterilization methods on soil biomass phosphorus extracted with NaHCO3

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