Excessive exercise training causes mitochondrial functional impairment and decreases glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers

Flockhart, Mikael; Nilsson, Lina C.; Tais, Senna; Ekblom, Björn; Apró, William; Larsen, Filip J.

doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.017

Cited by 126 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…In support of this argument, it has been recently demonstrated that regular, moderate to vigorous physical activity reduced the risk of community-acquired infectious diseases and infectious disease mortality [ 82 ]. All in all, it should be noted that exhaustive and excessive exercise training may cause mitochondrial functional impairment, inducing a dysregulated systemic inflammatory response, thus being detrimental for health [ 83 , 84 , 85 ]. Hence, individually tailored exercise prescriptions among people with post-COVID-19 are essential to elicit positive adaptive changes to enhance immune function.…”

Section: The Potential Role Of Exercise In Post-covid-19 Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise

Jimeno-Almazán

Pallarés

Buendía-Romero

et al. 2021

IJERPH

219

163

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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is leading to unknown and unusual health conditions that are challenging to manage. Post-COVID-19 syndrome is one of those challenges, having become increasingly common as the pandemic evolves. The latest estimates suggest that 10 to 20% of the SARS-CoV-2 patients who undergo an acute symptomatic phase are experiencing effects of the disease beyond 12 weeks after diagnosis. Although research is beginning to examine this new condition, there are still serious concerns about the diagnostic identification, which limits the best therapeutic approach. Exercise programs and physical activity levels are well-known modulators of the clinical manifestations and prognosis in many chronic diseases. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date evidence on post-COVID-19 syndrome to contribute to a better knowledge of the disease and explains how regular exercise may improve many of these symptoms and could reduce the long-term effects of COVID-19.

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Section: The Potential Role Of Exercise In Post-covid-19 Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise

Jimeno-Almazán

Pallarés

Buendía-Romero

et al. 2021

IJERPH

219

163

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“…Hormesis following exercise has been suggested to promote healthy brain aging [ 77 ]. According to the nature of hormetic effects, however, doses of exercise that are too high have been shown to be detrimental for mitochondria [ 78 ], further discussed in an associated editorial [ 79 ].…”

Section: Improving Mitochondrial Functions By Exercise In Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection

Burtscher

Millet

Place

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson’s disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle–brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle–brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.

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“…During the fourth week of the program subjects reached 5 HIIT sessions per week at 8 min intervals with intensity of 90% of VO 2 max and 3 min of rest between intervals [65]. After the fourth week disturbances in mitochondria function and impaired glucose homeostasis were observed [65]. It could be speculated that in the case of some of patients in the current study who were unable to complete this was related to the intensity of IAP.…”

Section: Relationship Of Peak Oxygen Uptake Improvement and Mitofusin1 Levelmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Interestingly, both IAP and GET in the PACE trial [51] programmes consisted of five training sessions per week. In contrasts, five HIIT sessions per week has been used to intentionally induce overreaching in healthy participants [65]. We suggest that further studies should consider a personal medicine approach to distinguish whether activity could be considered at all in individual CFS patients.…”

Section: Relationship Of Peak Oxygen Uptake Improvement and Mitofusin1 Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants were healthy and recreationally undertaking a physical exercise program before taking part in the study. During the fourth week of the program subjects reached 5 HIIT sessions per week at 8 min intervals with intensity of 90% of VO 2 max and 3 min of rest between intervals [65]. After the fourth week disturbances in mitochondria function and impaired glucose homeostasis were observed [65].…”

Section: Relationship Of Peak Oxygen Uptake Improvement and Mitofusin1 Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between Cardiopulmonary, Mitochondrial and Autonomic Nervous System Function Improvement after an Individualised Activity Programme upon Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients

Kujawski

Cossington

Słomko

et al. 2021

JCM

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Background: The therapeutic effects of exercise from structured activity programmes have recently been questioned; as a result, this study examines the impact of an Individualised Activity Program (IAP) on the relationship with cardiovascular, mitochondrial and fatigue parameters. Methods: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients were assessed using Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ), Fatigue Severity Score (FSS) and the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS). VO2peak, VO2submax and heart rate (HR) were assessed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Mfn1 and Mfn2 levels in plasma were assessed. A Task Force Monitor was used to assess ANS functioning in supine rest and in response to the Head-Up Tilt Test (HUTT). Results: Thirty-four patients completed 16 weeks of the IAP. The CFQ, FSS and FIS scores decreased significantly along with a significant increase in Mfn1 and Mfn2 levels (p = 0.002 and p = 0.00005, respectively). The relationships between VO2 peak and Mfn1 increase in response to IAP (p = 0.03) and between VO2 at anaerobic threshold and ANS response to the HUTT (p = 0.03) were noted. Conclusions: It is concluded that IAP reduces fatigue and improves functional performance along with changes in autonomic and mitochondrial function. However, caution must be applied as exercise was not well tolerated by 51% of patients.

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Excessive exercise training causes mitochondrial functional impairment and decreases glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers

Cited by 126 publications

References 66 publications

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise

The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection

Relationship between Cardiopulmonary, Mitochondrial and Autonomic Nervous System Function Improvement after an Individualised Activity Programme upon Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients

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