Examining what Mental Toughness, Ego Resiliency, Self-efficacy, and Grit measure: An exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor approach

Abstract

Despite conceptual similarities among the established non-cognitive constructs of Mental Toughness, Ego Resiliency, Self-efficacy, and Grit, preceding research typically considered these as adversary rather than complementary and potentially additive. Subsequently, comparatively few studies have examined these together. This paper, via two independent studies, examined commonality within Mental Toughness, Ego Resiliency, Self-efficacy, and Grit. This identified key elements that contribute to a broad, non-cognitive, resource-based construct. Study 1 (N = 2137) assessed shared variance among the non-cognitive constructs relative to a general factor. Study 2 (N = 1148) evaluated the replicability of the results from Study 1 and examined measurement invariance. Respondents completed established self-report measures indexing the study variables. Exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor analyses consistently revealed that Mental Toughness, the Ego-Resiliency Optimal Regulation subscale, and Self-efficacy loaded highly on a general factor, which the authors labelled as Non-Cognitive Adaptive Resourcefulness (NCAR). Invariance analyses supported the stability of this model across study context. This paper advanced conceptual understanding of the core shared features of independent non-cognitive constructs. The authors discuss the potential of NCAR and advocate the need for further research.

University students' academic grit and academic achievements predicted by subjective well‐being, coping resources, and self‐cultivation characteristics

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A mixed‐method exploration of mental toughness, perceived stress and quality of life in mental health workers

“…However, there are also some reported differences. For example, resilience is also often described in terms of how people react when facing difficult circumstances, whereas mental toughness has an additional proactive feature of the ability to thrive in situations where there are positive effects (Denovan et al, 2022). Mental toughness also allows the study of several psychological attributes simultaneously, providing an opportunity to understand the different relationships between these psychological attributes and outcomes (e.g., St Clair‐Thompson & McGeown, 2019).…”

“…However, there are also some reported differences. For example, resilience is also often described in terms of how people react when facing difficult circumstances, whereas mental toughness has an additional proactive feature of the ability to thrive in situations where there are positive effects (Denovan et al, 2022).…”

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