“…Conversations about the need for professional standards for fi sheries biologists date back to the 1930s (Leopold 1939 ), continued through subsequent decades (Eipper 1973 ;Chapman 1979 ;Nielsen 1981 ; Kelso and Murphy 1988 ;Scalet and Adelman 1995 ), and remain a current topic (Essig 2016 ;Kaemingk et al 2016 ;McMullin et al 2016 ). These sometimes contentious conversations (e.g., Chapman 1979 ;Scalet and Adelman 1995 ) centered on what constitutes an appropriate curriculum for providing minimum competency for aspiring fi sheries professionals.…”