Examining the relationship between nutrition and cerebral structural integrity in older adults without dementia

Reddan, Jeffery Michael; Macpherson, Helen; White, David; Scholey, Andrew; Pipingas, Andrew

doi:10.1017/s0954422418000185

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 287 publications

(402 reference statements)

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“…Adherence to this dietary pattern has been consistently associated with better cognitive function and lower dementia risk, outside the Mediterranean region [96,114,126]. A high quality diet rich in B vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids, and flavonoids is considered to exert benefits to brain health via cerebrovascular and cardiovascular health, as well as direct effects on brain structural and functional integrity [127].…”

Section: Diet Alcohol and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Does the Oral Microbiome Hold Some of the Keys?

Loughman

Adler

Macpherson

2023

JAD

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Advancing age is recognized as the primary risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however approximately one third of dementia cases are attributable to modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and obesity. Recent research also implicates oral health and the oral microbiome in AD risk and pathophysiology. The oral microbiome contributes to the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathology of AD via the inflammatory, vascular, neurotoxic, and oxidative stress pathways of known modifiable risk factors. This review proposes a conceptual framework that integrates the emerging evidence regarding the oral microbiome with established modifiable risk factors. There are numerous mechanisms by which the oral microbiome may interact with AD pathophysiology. Microbiota have immunomodulatory functions, including the activation of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. This inflammation can affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which in turn modulates translocation of bacteria and their metabolites to brain parenchyma. Amyloid-β is an antimicrobial peptide, a feature which may in part explain its accumulation. There are microbial interactions with cardiovascular health, glucose tolerance, physical activity, and sleep, suggesting that these modifiable lifestyle risk factors of dementia may have microbial contributors. There is mounting evidence to suggest the relevance of oral health practices and the microbiome to AD. The conceptual framework presented here additionally demonstrates the potential for the oral microbiome to comprise a mechanistic intermediary between some lifestyle risk factors and AD pathophysiology. Future clinical studies may identify specific oral microbial targets and the optimum oral health practices to reduce dementia risk.

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Section: Diet Alcohol and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Does the Oral Microbiome Hold Some of the Keys?

Loughman

Adler

Macpherson

2023

JAD

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“…In relation to imaging biomarkers, there are previous reviews on the potential impact of individual nutrients, foods and supplements [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]; however, the potential intercorrelations of these as depicted in dietary or nutrient patterns and brain MRI have not been collectively reviewed. Dietary and nutrient patterns area more recently used approach in nutrition research, aiming at describing total dietary habits, taking into account the complex interactions between different nutrients or foods [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary and Nutrient Patterns and Brain MRI Biomarkers in Dementia-Free Adults

et al. 2022

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Cognitive impairment is a rapidly growing public health problem. As there is no curative treatment for dementia, the proactive management of modifiable risk factors and the identification of early biomarkers indicative of the cognitive decline are of great importance. Although nutrition is one of the most extensively studied lifestyle factor in relation to cognitive health, its association with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers is not well established. In the present work, we review available studies relating dietary or nutrient patterns with brain MRI biomarkers in dementia-free adults. Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been associated with the preservation of structural connectivity and less brain atrophy in adults without dementia. In addition, specific nutrient patterns, characterized by a high intake of antioxidant vitamins, polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids, have been related to larger brain volume. Although the results are encouraging regarding the role of dietary and nutrient patterns on imaging biomarkers, more well-designed observational longitudinal studies and clinical trials are needed in order to confirm potentially causal relationships and better understand underlying mechanisms.

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“…A meta-analysis of MRI studies also concluded that, although the effect sizes were small, lower levels of physical fitness and activity are associated with lower white matter volume, and increased white matter lesion volume and severity [24]. These changes in white matter have, in turn, been associated with poorer cognitive function [25][26][27]. Interim analysis of the large Dr's Extra intervention study, involving 1,335 older people, found that moderate to high levels of fitness predicted > 50%lower incidence of memory impairment than low fitness; however, it failed to show any group effect of exercise on cognition [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Modifiable Predictors of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Exercise, Aortic Stiffness, and the Importance of Physical Fitness

Kennedy

Meyer

Hardman

et al. 2020

ADR

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Background: Previous modelling found that fitness and aortic stiffness both independently predicted spatial working memory (SWM) performance in older people. There is also evidence that greater engagement in moderate intensity exercise contributes to better cognitive performance, potentially working through improving fitness and aortic stiffness. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise on the previously established relationships between fitness, aortic stiffness, and SWM, and whether these associations differ between older adults of higher and lower fitness. Methods: One hundred and two residents of independent living facilities, aged 60-90 (M = 77.5, SD = 6.9) participated in the study. Measures included computerized cognitive assessment, the Six-Minute Walk fitness test, the CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire, and aortic pulse wave analysis. Multiple structural equation models were used to test hypotheses. Results: Overall, exercise levels had a small additional effect in predicting SWM, working exclusively through fitness, although this was only true for those of lower than average fitness. Additionally, it was found that while fitness was the most important factor in predicting SWM in those of lower fitness, aortic stiffness was the strongest predictor in those of higher fitness. Conclusion: Fitness and aortic stiffness are strong predictors of cognition in older people, and greater engagement in exercise predicted better cognition in those who were of lower fitness. Fitter older people may benefit more from interventions which target aortic stiffness in order to preserve cognitive performance as they age, while those who are less fit may benefit most from improving fitness first, including through increased physical activity.

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Examining the relationship between nutrition and cerebral structural integrity in older adults without dementia

Cited by 8 publications

References 287 publications

Unlocking Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Does the Oral Microbiome Hold Some of the Keys?

Unlocking Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Does the Oral Microbiome Hold Some of the Keys?

Dietary and Nutrient Patterns and Brain MRI Biomarkers in Dementia-Free Adults

Modelling Modifiable Predictors of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Exercise, Aortic Stiffness, and the Importance of Physical Fitness

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