Examining the “reading the mind in the eyes test” as an assessment of subtle differences in affective theory of mind after concussion

Gallant, Caitlyn; Good, Dawn

doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1612946

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In addition, all participants scoring <24 points on the MMSE (N = 11) were excluded from this analysis in order to address potential confounding effects of poor task comprehension on performance. Participants who were not from English‐speaking backgrounds (ESB), defined by MAS study protocols as not having achieved a conversational mastery of English after 10 years of age (N = 35), were also excluded from this analysis, as prior work suggests strong confounding effects of language skills in RMET performance 15 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants who were not from Englishspeaking backgrounds (ESB), defined by MAS study protocols as not having achieved a conversational mastery of English after 10 years of age (N = 35), were also excluded from this analysis, as prior work suggests strong confounding effects of language skills in RMET performance. 15 As such, the final study sample comprised 295 Caucasian participants. Mean age at Wave 6 was 86.83 years (SD 3.95 years; range 80.72-98.16 years), mean educational attainment was 11.80 years of education (SD 3.40 years), and 61.7% of the cohort were female.…”

Section: Cohort Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Compared to other "higher level" ToM tasks, such as the False Belief Task and the Faux-Pas Test, the RMET assesses ToM on a more basic level, such that it requires inferences to be made based on observable physical cues (in this case, the eyes). 1 In addition, the RMET is regarded as an affective ToM task that indexes the ability to attribute relevant emotional mental states, as opposed to a cognitive ToM task that requires understanding of complex mental states, 15 or inferring content and context of mental states. 11 Despite these differences, older adults have been shown to perform more poorly on the RMET and other ToM tasks compared to young and middle-aged adults.…”

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Development of a short‐form version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test for assessing theory of mind in older adults

Chander

Grainger

Crawford

et al. 2020

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Background: The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) is a 36-item assessment for theory of mind (ToM) performance. While this measure has been shown to be sensitive to age-related ToM difficulties, there are no established cutoffs or guidelines currently available that are specific to older adults. This article seeks to validate a short-form version of the RMET appropriate for use in such populations. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 295 participants (mean age 86 years) from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study, a longitudinal community observational cohort. Participants underwent an assessment battery that included the RMET. Individuals who scored >1SD below the RMET scores of cognitively normal participants were deemed to have below average RMET scores. Various model-building methods were used to generate short-form solutions of the RMET, which were compared with previously validated versions in their predictive power for below average full RMET performance. Results: Individuals with below average RMET performance tended to be older and have poorer global cognition. Of the eight short-form solutions, the 21-item version generated using genetic algorithm exhibited the best classification performance with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.98 and had 93.2% accuracy in classifying individuals with below average ToM. A shorter 10-item solution derived by ant colony optimization also had acceptable performance. Conclusion: We recommend the 21-item version of the RMET for use in older adult populations for identifying individuals with impaired ToM. Where an even shorter version is needed with a trade-off of slightly reduced performance, the 10-item version is acceptable. K E Y W O R D S neurocognitive disorders, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, social cognition, theory of mind 1 | INTRODUCTION Social cognition refers to the skills and abilities that humans use to process social information, thereby allowing them to navigate and interpret social scenarios, and behave in a socially appropriate manner. 1 Such skills include the ability to infer the cognitive and emotional states of others through social cues, such as facial expressions, and the ability to respond to these cues in a socially acceptable manner. 2 Social cognitive impairment is now recognized to be a common and often debilitating feature of many clinical disorders, including

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cohort Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a short‐form version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test for assessing theory of mind in older adults

Chander

Grainger

Crawford

et al. 2020

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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“…B. Gallant & Good, 2020) eher als Aufgabe zur Erfassung der kognitiven Empathie/aff ektiven ToM verstanden wird.…”

Section: Emotionserkennungunclassified

Sozial-kognitive Fähigkeiten und Suizidalität: Eine Übersicht

Thoma

Teismann

2021

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie

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Zusammenfassung. Psychische Erkrankungen gehen mit einem erhöhten Suizidrisiko einher. Fehlende soziale Zugehörigkeit und Unterstützung, interpersonelle Konflikte und Einsamkeit gelten als zentrale Risikofaktoren für suizidales Erleben und Verhalten. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit wurden in den Datenbanken PubMed und ISI Web of Knowledge alle englisch- oder deutschsprachigen Originalarbeiten bis Juni 2020 gesichtet, die Emotionserkennung, Empathie und Theory of Mind in Zusammenhang mit Suizidgedanken und/oder Suizidversuchen untersuchen. Dabei wurden 15 relevante Veröffentlichungen identifiziert. Das Befundmuster stellt sich insgesamt als heterogen dar, legt jedoch nahe, dass sowohl beeinträchtigte Fähigkeiten in diesen Bereichen als auch eine verbesserte oder übertriebene Emotionserkennung/Theory of Mind mit Suizidalität in Zusammenhang stehen können.

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“…Chikovani, Babuadze, Iashvili, Gvalia, & Surguladze, 2015;Ibanez et al, 2013;Melchers, Montag, Reuter, Spinath, & Hahn, 2016;Olderbak & Wilhelm, 2017) to a relationship that is not significantly different from zero 1 (e.g. Allen-Walker & Beaton, 2014;Brosnan, Hollinworth, Antoniadou, & Lewton, 2014;Gallant & Good, 2019;Mullins-Nelson, Salekin, & Leistico, 2006;Riggio, Tucker, & Coffaro, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Two facets of affective empathy: concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition

Israelashvili

Sauter

Fischer

2020

Cognition and Emotion

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Theories on empathy have argued that feeling empathy for others is related to accurate recognition of their emotions. Previous research that tested this assumption, however, has reported inconsistent findings. We suggest that this inconsistency may be due to a lack of consideration of the fact that empathy has two facets: empathic concern, namely the compassion for unfortunate others, and personal distress, the experience of discomfort in response to others' distress. We test the hypothesis that empathic concern is positively related to emotion recognition, whereas personal distress is negatively related to emotion recognition. Individual tendencies to respond with concern or distress were measured with the standard IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) self-report questionnaire. Emotion recognition performance was assessed with three standard tests of nonverbal emotion recognition. Across two studies (total N = 431) anddifferent emotion recognition tests, we found that these two facets of affective empathy have opposite relations to recognition of facial expressions of emotions: empathic concern was positively related, while personal distress was negatively related, to accurate emotion recognition. These findings fit with existing motivational models of empathy, suggesting that empathic concern and personal distress have opposing impacts on the likelihood that empathy makes one a better emotion observer.

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Examining the “reading the mind in the eyes test” as an assessment of subtle differences in affective theory of mind after concussion

Cited by 9 publications

References 77 publications

Development of a short‐form version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test for assessing theory of mind in older adults

Development of a short‐form version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test for assessing theory of mind in older adults

Sozial-kognitive Fähigkeiten und Suizidalität: Eine Übersicht

Two facets of affective empathy: concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition

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