Examining the Origin of Fortifications in East Timor: Social and Environmental Factors

O’Connor, Sue; McWilliam, Andrew; Fenner, Jack N.; Brockwell, Sally

doi:10.1080/15564894.2011.619245

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This supports the radiocarbon-based analysis of O'Connor et al (2012), which concludes that fortification construction in eastern East Timor was driven by resource imbalances caused by social factors such as sandalwood trading rather than by environmental change.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…1). It is one of many archaeological sites in East Timor that are interpreted as fortified, defensive occupation areas because of the presence of large stone walls around their perimeters and defensive situations above steep slopes or gullies ( Lape 2006;Lape and Chin-Yung 2008;O'Connor et al 2012). Some researchers attribute the rise of fortifications in East Timor and indeed throughout Island Southeast Asia at least in large part to conflict associated with climate changes driven by El Niño Southern Oscillation changes starting about a.d. 1000 (Field and Fig.…”

Section: Macapainaramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others propose that fortifications are more likely to be a direct or indirect response to European impact, and especially as a reaction against slave raids (cf. O'Connor et al 2012). This latter hypothesis would imply a post-a.d. 1500 date, with raiding likely to have peaked in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries ( Reid 1983).…”

Section: Macapainaramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two Clocks: A Comparison of Ceramic and Radiocarbon Dates at Macapainara, East Timor

Fenner¹,

Bulbeck²

2013

asi

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Radiocarbon analysis and ceramic typology assessment are commonly used to date late Holocene archaeological sites in Island Southeast Asia. We apply both methods to date the site of Macapainara in East Timor, and they produce substantially different age ranges for this site. The radiocarbon dates are consistently later in time than ceramic typology dates from the same or adjacent stratigraphic levels. We assess the various sources of error for the two dating techniques that could produce this discrepancy, and conclude that the ceramic typology age ranges are misleadingly old due to concerted curation of fine ceramics by the site occupants. We discuss the implications of this for dating sites in East Timor and elsewhere within Island Southeast Asia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Macapainaramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two Clocks: A Comparison of Ceramic and Radiocarbon Dates at Macapainara, East Timor

Fenner¹,

Bulbeck²

2013

asi

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“…; O'Connor et al . ; Sutherland ). This research presents a new chronological assessment of Macassan occupation and trepang processing at Malara (Anuru Bay A), Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia (Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐evaluating the timing of the Indonesian trepang industry in north‐west Arnhem Land: chronological investigations at Malara (Anuru Bay A)

Wesley

O’Connor

Fenner

2016

Archaeology in Oceania

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“…They are said to be the graves of ancestors (calu lutur or narunu) ( Figure 13). Other areas inside the fortified sites are identified as circumscribed spaces called sépu, where ceremonies and dances were performed (Lape 2006;O'Connor et al 2012). Site maps produced for two of these settlements, Locami (Lo Chami) and Lori Lata, show some of these features (Lape 2006).…”

Section: Walled Settlementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage

2013

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terra australis 36Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia -lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. Dewey Number: 363.69091823 List of volumes in Terra AustralisVolumeCopyright of the text remains with the contributors/authors, 2011. This book is copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. This volume began life as a session at the 2010 Australian Archaeological Conference on the cultural heritage of protected areas in the Asia-Pacific region. Our particular concern was with the proposition that the discourse of nature conservation was predisposed to a vision of protected areas (in the form of national parks and other 'nature' reserves) as pristine nature. According to such a vision, protected areas represent wildernesses that, having escaped the ravages of human exploitation, had now to be preserved as the last reservoirs of biodiversity on a planet threatened with ecological disaster. To what extent, we asked, did such a mindset eclipse the history and heritage of protected areas as human habitats, not to mention effacing the contemporary presence in them of living human cultures?These questions engage the much larger issue of the culture-nature divide as an ontological marker of Western modernity. This divide should more properly be described as a 'duality' or a 'dyad', terms that have been used to describe a habit of thought which developed in the West from the seventeenth century but with older antecedents. This habit of thought also produced the distinctive mind/body split which is particularly identified with the Cartesian worldview. In recent years there has been increasing interest in the real world ramifications of the culturenature duality from those working in fields ranging from sociology (for example, Latour 1993) and anthropology (Ingold 2000; Haraway 2006), to geography (Whatmore 2006;Head 2007). In Australia it has occupied the attention of Debbie Rose (1996Rose ( , 2011 and others in the Ecological Humanities group. 1 There has been a growing consciousness of the extent to which culture-nature dualism is foundational to Western modernity and thus seminal to the West's encounter with the non-Western world.In modern Western thought, society (or culture) has been understood to be not just radically separate from nature but situated in a hierarchical relationship of dominance to it. This ontological model facilitated the vastl...

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Examining the Origin of Fortifications in East Timor: Social and Environmental Factors

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Two Clocks: A Comparison of Ceramic and Radiocarbon Dates at Macapainara, East Timor

Two Clocks: A Comparison of Ceramic and Radiocarbon Dates at Macapainara, East Timor

Re‐evaluating the timing of the Indonesian trepang industry in north‐west Arnhem Land: chronological investigations at Malara (Anuru Bay A)

Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage

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