Examining the Latent Structure of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System

Karr, Justin E; Hofer, Scott M.; Iverson, Grant L.; Garcia‐Barrera, Mauricio A.

doi:10.1093/arclin/acy043

Cited by 35 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This is surprising because the literature on adults with AN consistently reported poor set-shifting in adults with AN (Smith et al, 2018) and the literature on adolescents with AN mostly showed no set-shifting difficulties (Lang et al, 2014). However, we suggested that superior inhibition abilities in adolescents with AN may compensate for their poor set-shifting abilities, because a) set-shifting tasks often include inhibition components as indicated by studies finding correlations between set-shifting and inhibition abilities (Karr et al, 2018;Koch et al, 2010;Miyake et al, 2000) and b) studies reported improved inhibition abilities in adolescents with AN (Weinbach et al, 2017;Wierenga et al, 2014). If superior inhibition abilities compensate for poor set-shifting in adolescents with AN, then controlling for inhibition abilities while assessing set-shifting might reveal set-shifting difficulties in these patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Set-shifting in adolescents with weight-restored anorexia nervosa and their unaffected family members

Weinbach

Bohon

Lock

2019

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Set-shifting difficulties have been suggested to underlie rigid and inflexible thinking in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Studies reported set-shifting deficiencies in adults with AN and also in their unaffected family members, suggesting that set-shifting deficits are heritable in AN. Surprisingly, studies failed to show set-shifting difficulties in adolescents with AN. If set-shifting difficulties are heritable, it is not clear why they are absent in adolescents with AN. The current study aimed to elucidate this discrepancy by assessing several components of set-shifting in adolescents with weight-restored AN (WR-AN) and their unaffected parents and siblings. Twentyone families that include an adolescent who was diagnosed with AN prior to weight restoration (N=19), an unaffected parent (N=18), and an unaffected sibling (N=20) were recruited. Additionally, 28 healthy control families were recruited and included an age-matched adolescent (N=27), a parent (N=26), and a sibling (N=17). Visual-motor set-shifting, verbal set-shifting, and set-shifting clean of inhibition were assessed using the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. The results revealed intact set-shifting in parents and siblings of adolescents with WR-AN. Surprisingly, the results revealed superior visual-motor and verbal set-shifting in adolescents with WR-AN compared to age-matched controls. However, when controlling for inhibition abilities, poorer set-shifting was revealed in adolescents with WR-AN. The results suggest that superior inhibition abilities in adolescents with WR-AN may compensate for their set-shifting deficiencies. The study emphasizes the importance of controlling for inhibition abilities when assessing neurocognitive functioning in adolescents with AN. Furthermore, the study does not support the notion that set-shifting deficits are heritable in adolescent AN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Set-shifting in adolescents with weight-restored anorexia nervosa and their unaffected family members

Weinbach

Bohon

Lock

2019

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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“…In general, overall results suggest that most of the test measures possess adequate reliabilities regardless of age groups 44 . D-KEFS tests show a normal distribution in healthy subjects 41,56 and the result relates to brain morphology changes 57,58 within networks involved in EF 7 .…”

Section: Test Material In the Present Study We Used Tests From Two Tmentioning

confidence: 82%

Level of play and coach-rated game intelligence are related to performance on design fluency in elite soccer players

Vestberg

jafari

Almeida

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Executive brain functions are innate mechanisms for regulating behavior. While the impact of suboptimal executive functions has been characterized in patients, their contribution to individual success has not been elucidated. We set out to understand how executive functions relate to successful human behavior by examining their relation to game intelligence in sport-the ability to read a game and quickly adapt the behavior. In elite soccer players (n = 51), those playing in national teams (national team players) significantly outperformed those only playing at premier league level (premier league players) in Design Fluency (DF), a complex visuo-spatial executive function test that includes measures of creativity and cognitive flexibility. Their result showed a moderate correlation with coach rated game intelligence, remained also when correcting for low level cognitive capacity and was most evident when considering cognitive flexibility. DF capacity also correlated with number of assists made during the season but not with number of made goals during the same period, linking the fast planning of several steps in DF to fast planning of several steps in the soccer game. Altogether, our data suggests that DF capacity relates to success in soccer both on a subjective and on an objective level.

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“…Prior reports have used different criteria to determine the number of factors to retain. For example, Latzman and Markon (2010) used eigenvalue-based methods, while Karr, Hofer, et al (2019) use fit indices. Although there is no way of knowing the actual number of factors generating empirical data, simulations can provide examples with known answers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karr, Hofer, Iverson, and Garcia-Barrera (2019) compared several alternative models of the D-KEFS standardization data. The Twenty Questions, Word Context, and Proverbs Tests were not included in the measurement models but were used to evaluate prediction of criterion measures.…”

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confidence: 99%

Factor-Analytic Evidence for the Complexity of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)

McFarland

2019

Assessment

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This study examined the complexity of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System both in terms of the overall number of factors needed to model the entire battery and the complexity of the number of factors needed to model individual tests. The correlations between tests from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System standardization sample were modeled with varying numbers of factors. Simulations of test scores were also done that varied the number of factors used to generate the data and considered criteria for factor retention based on eigenvalues, fit indices, and generalization to new data. The results show seven-factor solutions based on generalization of fixed weights to validation samples provided best estimates. Modification indices produced three seven-factor solutions with comparable model fit but markedly different factor loadings. These results are consistent with process overlap theory, which suggest that complex tests are determined my many distinct executive processes. Given uncertainty of factor-analytic solutions, interpretation of the meaning of test scores should be based on evidence that is external to the test items, such as their sensitivity to clinical conditions. Overly simplistic interpretations of executive test performance based on factor-analytic results are not warranted. This is consistent with the cognitive processing approach of the test authors.

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Examining the Latent Structure of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System

Cited by 35 publications

References 53 publications

Set-shifting in adolescents with weight-restored anorexia nervosa and their unaffected family members

Set-shifting in adolescents with weight-restored anorexia nervosa and their unaffected family members

Level of play and coach-rated game intelligence are related to performance on design fluency in elite soccer players

Factor-Analytic Evidence for the Complexity of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)

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