Examining the influence of task set on eye movements and fixations

Mills, Mark; Stigchel, Stefan Van der; Hollingworth, Andrew; Dodd, Michael D.

doi:10.1037/e520592012-445

Cited by 16 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…More recently, there has been a growing interest in the oculomotor decision of when to move the eyes and the corresponding distribution of fixation durations. For example, fixation durations have been shown to differ depending on the requirements of the scene-viewing task (Henderson, Weeks & Hollingworth, 1999;Mills, Hollingworth, Van der Stigchel, Hoffman & Dodd, 2011;Võ & Henderson, 2009; but for a null finding, see Castelhano, Mack & Henderson, 2009; see also Nuthmann, Smith, Engbert & Henderson, 2010, for a model that captures task effects). It has also been demonstrated that when viewing an array of scenes, fixation durations depend on the task relevance of individual scene stimuli .…”

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confidence: 99%

Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing

Glaholt

Rayner

Reingold

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

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The present study employed a saccade-contingent change paradigm to investigate the effect of spatial frequency filtering on fixation durations during scene viewing. Subjects viewed grayscale scenes while encoding them for a later memory test. During randomly chosen saccades, the scene was replaced with an alternate version that remained throughout the critical fixation that followed. In Experiment 1, during the critical fixation, the scene could be changed to high-pass and low-pass spatial frequency filtered versions. Under both conditions, fixation durations increased, and the low-pass condition produced a greater effect than the high-pass condition. In subsequent experiments, we manipulated the familiarity of scene information during the critical fixation by flipping the filtered scenes upside down or horizontally. Under these conditions, we observed lengthening of fixation durations but no difference between the high-pass and low-pass conditions, suggesting that the filtering effect is related to the mismatch between information extracted within the critical fixation and the ongoing scene representation in memory. We also conducted control experiments that tested the effect of changes to scene orientation (Experiment 2a) and the addition of color to a grayscale scene (Experiment 2b). Fixation distribution analysis suggested two effects on the distribution fixation durations: a fast-acting effect that was sensitive to all transsaccadic changes tested and a later effect in the tail of the distribution that was likely tied to the processing of scene information. These findings are discussed in the context of theories of oculomotor control during scene viewing.

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confidence: 99%

Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing

Glaholt

Rayner

Reingold

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Eye movements are influenced by task and goals, and where individuals fixate on a scene varies according to viewing instructions given prior to the task (Mills, Hollingworth, Van der Stigchel, Hoffman, & Dodd, 2011). Real-world eye movement studies show similar results, with participants fixating more on taskrelevant objects than even the most visually salient objects (Land & Hayhoe, 2001;.…”

Section: Effects Of Task Instructions On Eye Movementsmentioning

confidence: 91%

CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task

Graham

Sauer

Akehurst

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Although closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage is used in both crime prevention and police investigations to prosecute criminals, relatively little is known about the strategies that observers use when monitoring and interpreting (criminal) events observed in such footage. Howard, Troscianko, Gilchrist, Behera, and Hogg (2009) stated that measuring eye movements during CCTV monitoring might produce innovative data to determine the strategies people use when attending to footage. Stainer, Scott-Brown, and Tatler (2013) examined the eye movements of two trained CCTV operators monitoring multiple display screens on a wall, compared to a single-spot monitor (the operator could select only one of multiple screens to inspect in more detail). They found that more attention was allocated to the single-screen-spot monitor than the multiplex display, with the more (cf. less) experienced operator utilising the spot monitor more often. Stainer et al. (2013) identified that their observers selectively allocated attention based on expected informativeness. This replicated Howard, Troscianko, and Gilchrist's (2010) finding that participants with more experience watching football matches shifted their eyes to more informative areas of the footage earlier than did non-experienced observers. Following on from this work, we investigated whether event type and instructions affected fixation behaviour during CCTV observation and whether fixation behaviour predicted observers' detection of critical changes in the footage.

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“…H1: Fixation durations are shorter in a quality estimation task than in a difference task Shorter fixation durations have been found in a preference task when compared with memory and free-viewing tasks. 23 Shorter fixation durations mean less information is needed per fixation.…”

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Therefore, a vast area would be scanned. When estimating quality, fewer fixations have been made on ROIs than in a free-viewing task, 24 which could be in line with the global viewing strategy since there is a less detailed examination of small areas; however, this would have to be confirmed.…”

Section: H2: Quality Estimation Tasks Show a Global Viewing Strategy mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study that compared gaze control in four visual tasks found that when estimating pleasantness, viewing was described as having global processing because of its long saccade lengths (with the average being above a visual angle of 7 deg). 23 In addition, it found that fixation durations were shorter in the pleasantness and search tasks than in the memory and free-viewing tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Why is quality estimation judgment fast? Comparison of gaze control strategies in quality and difference estimation tasks

Radun

Leisti

Virtanen

et al. 2014

J. Electron. Imaging

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Abstract. To understand the viewing strategies employed in a quality estimation task, we compared two visual tasks-quality estimation and difference estimation. The estimation was done for a pair of natural images having small global changes in quality. Two groups of observers estimated the same set of images, but with different instructions. One group estimated the difference in quality and the other the difference between image pairs. The results demonstrated the use of different visual strategies in the tasks. The quality estimation was found to include more visual planning during the first fixation than the difference estimation, but afterward needed only a few long fixations on the semantically important areas of the image. The difference estimation used many short fixations. Salient image areas were mainly attended to when these areas were also semantically important. The results support the hypothesis that these tasks' general characteristics (evaluation time, number of fixations, area fixated on) show differences in processing, but also suggest that examining only single fixations when comparing tasks is too narrow a view. When planning a subjective experiment, one must remember that a small change in the instructions might lead to a noticeable change in viewing strategy. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Examining the influence of task set on eye movements and fixations

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing

Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing

CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task

Why is quality estimation judgment fast? Comparison of gaze control strategies in quality and difference estimation tasks

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