Examining the influence of task set on eye movements and fixations

Mills, Mark; Hollingworth, Andrew; Stigchel, Stefan Van der; Hoffman, Lesa; Dodd, Michael D.

doi:10.1167/11.8.17

Cited by 134 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…This should be indicated by a decreased influence of saliency on eye-movement behavior. We furthermore expect that saliency is determining eye-movement behavior mainly during the early phase of scene viewing as shown earlier in adults (Castelhano, Mack, & Henderson, 2009;Mills, Hollingworth, & Dodd, 2011;Tatler & Vincent, 2008). To answer these questions, our participants freely explored scenes while their eye movements were recorded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Previous studies suggested that during the early viewing phase-dominated by the ambient mode-saliency aspects of images mainly influence eye movement behavior while during the late viewing phase-dominated by focal mode-top-down control becomes more important (Castelhano, Mack, & Henderson, 2009;Mills, Hollingworth, & Dodd, 2011;Tatler & Vincent, 2008). Thus, we also tested whether there were differences between early and late viewing phases in the influences of saliency on fixations landings.…”

Section: Effect Of Saliency On Fixation Landingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It has been proposed that information processing and scan patterns are influenced by the interaction between bottom-up and top-down factors (Henderson, 2003;Oliva, 2005;Torralba et al, 2006). Bottom-up processing is guided by low-level features of images, such as saliency (Itti & Koch, 2000;Tatler, Baddeley, & Gilchrist, 2005;Tatler & Vincent, 2008) whereas top-down processing is based on endogenous control, such as semantic schema knowledge, working memory and behavioral task demands (Castelhano, Mack, & Henderson, 2009;Fischer et al, 2013;Mills, Hollingworth, & Dodd, 2011;Tatler & Vincent, 2008 Over the time course of scene exploration viewing behavior is under various control: during early instances mainly bottom-up saliency aspects are relevant while later in time top-down control becomes more dominant (Castelhano, Mack, & Henderson, 2009;Mills, Hollingworth, & Dodd, 2011;Tatler & Vincent, 2008). These processing characteristics have recently been related to the certain patterns of eye movements, demonstrating a relationship between saccade amplitude, fixation duration and the respective attention mode (Pannasch et al, 2008;Pannasch & Velichkovsky, 2009;Tatler & Vincent, 2008;Unema et al, 2005;Velichkovsky et al, 2002Velichkovsky et al, , 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The maturation of eye movement behavior: Scene viewing characteristics in children and adults

Helo

Pannasch²,

Sirri

et al. 2014

Vision Research

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While the close link between eye movements and visual attention has often been demonstrated, recently distinct attentional modes have been associated with specific eye movement patterns. The ambient mode-serving the localization of objects and dominating early scene inspection-is expressed by short fixations and large saccade amplitudes. The focal mode-associated with the identification of object details and dominating later stages of scene exploration-is indicated by longer fixations embedded in short saccades. The relationship between these processing modes and eye movement characteristics has so far only been examined in adults. While studies in children revealed a maturation of oculomotor behavior up to adolescence, developmental aspects of the processing modes are still unknown. Here we explored these mechanisms by comparing eye movements during the inspection of naturalistic scenes. Therefore, gaze behavior from adults and children in four different age groups (2, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10years old) was examined. We found a general effect of age, revealing that with age fixation durations decrease and saccade amplitudes increase. However, in all age groups fixations were shorter and saccades were longer at the beginning of scene inspection but fixations became longer and saccades became shorter over time. While saliency influenced eye guidance in the two youngest groups over the full inspection period, for the older groups this influence was found only at the beginning of scene inspection. The results reveal indications for ambient and focal processing strategies for as early as 2 years of age.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Effect Of Saliency On Fixation Landingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The maturation of eye movement behavior: Scene viewing characteristics in children and adults

Helo

Pannasch²,

Sirri

et al. 2014

Vision Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Fixation durations can also be longer, which might be the case if the target location of the saccade is unpredictable and the eye movement has to be programmed from Bscratch.^Fixation durations also tend to be longer when information is difficult to discriminate and incongruent with the context (e.g., Henderson, Weeks, & Hollingworth, 1999). Individual fixation durations are also influenced by the observers' task; for example, fixation durations are longer during a scene memorization task than during a visual search task for a specific target (e.g., Henderson et al, 1999;Mills, Hollingworth, Van der Stigchel, Hoffman, & Dodd, 2011).…”

Section: About Selection Via Eye Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional control in visual selection

Zoest

Stigchel

Donk

2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Attention and eye movements provide a window into the selective processing of visual information. Evidence suggests that selection is influenced by various factors and is not always under the strategic control of the observer. The aims of this tutorial review are to give a brief introduction to eye movements and attention and to outline the conditions that help determine control. Evidence suggests that the ability to establish control depends on the complexity of the display as well as the point in time at which selection occurs. Stimulusdriven selection is more probable in simple displays than in complex natural scenes, but it critically depends on the timing of the response: Salience determines selection only when responses are triggered quickly following display presentation, and plays no role in longer-latency responses. The time course of selection is also important for the relationship between attention and eye movements. Specifically, attention and eye movements appear to act independently when oculomotor selection is quick, whereas attentional processes are able to influence oculomotor control when saccades are triggered only later in time. This relationship may also be modulated by whether the eye movement is controlled in a voluntary or an involuntary manner. To conclude, we present evidence that shows that visual control is limited in flexibility and that the mechanisms of selection are constrained by context and time.The outcome of visual selection changes with the situational context, and knowing the constraints of control is necessary to understanding when and how visual selection is truly controlled by the observer.

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“…For example, objects that are semantically incongruous with their background are looked at for longer (Henderson et al, 1999;Underwood & Foulsham, 2006). Task also affects average fixation durations, with fixations when searching for something in a picture being generally shorter than when trying to remember the details or just freely viewing an image (e.g., Mills et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reading Without Words: Eye Movements in the Comprehension of Comic Strips

Foulsham

Wybrow

Cohn³

2016

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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The study of attention in pictures is mostly limited to individual images. When we "read" a visual narrative (e.g., a comic strip), the pictures have a coherent sequence, but it is not known how this affects attention. In two experiments, we eyetracked participants in order to investigate how disrupting the visual sequence of a comic strip would affect attention.Both when panels were presented one at a time (Experiment 1) and when a sequence was presented all together (Experiment 2), pictures were understood more quickly and with fewer fixations when in their original order. When order was randomised, the same pictures required more attention and additional "regressions". Fixation distributions also differed when the narrative was intact, showing that context affects where we look. This reveals the role of top-down structures when we attend to pictorial information, as well as providing a springboard for applied research into attention within image sequences.3"

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Examining the influence of task set on eye movements and fixations

Cited by 134 publications

References 45 publications

The maturation of eye movement behavior: Scene viewing characteristics in children and adults

The maturation of eye movement behavior: Scene viewing characteristics in children and adults

Conditional control in visual selection

Reading Without Words: Eye Movements in the Comprehension of Comic Strips

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