Examining the Impact of Squaric Acid as a Crosslinking Agent on the Properties of Chitosan-Based Films

Olewnik-Kruszkowska, Ewa; Gierszewska, Magdalena; Grabska-Zielińska, Sylwia; Skopińska-Wiśniewska, Joanna; Jakubowska, Ewelina

doi:10.3390/ijms22073329

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The heating rate was 10 • C/min, from 20 to 250 • C in a nitrogen atmosphere with the gas flow 40 mL/min. The weight of samples placed in the aluminum measuring pans was 1.0-1.5 mg [18].…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Color Properties of Thin Films Based on Chitosan Modified by Different Phenolic Acids

Kaczmarek-Szczepańska

Zasada

Grabska-Zielińska

2022

Coatings

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Chitosan-based films are promising for consideration as packaging materials. In this study, we modified the chitosan by phenolic acid addition, such as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid. The mechanical and thermal properties were studied, and the water vapor permeability rate was determined. Moreover, the antioxidant activity and film color were considered. The results showed that phenolic acids are effective cross-linkers for chitosan. The addition of phenolic acids improved the mechanical properties and decreased the roughness of surfaces. The enthalpy value was lower for films with phenolic acids than for pure chitosan. Chitosan with ferulic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity and water permeability value. Based on the obtained results, we determined that films obtained from the chitosan/ferulic acid mixture are the most promising for use as packaging material.

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Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Color Properties of Thin Films Based on Chitosan Modified by Different Phenolic Acids

Kaczmarek-Szczepańska

Zasada

Grabska-Zielińska

2022

Coatings

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“…More specifically, Glu can also be exploited as a simple linker for the conjugation of CS to another polymer containing amino groups, such as polyacrylamide block copolymer [ 78 ]. Squaric acid is another efficient cross linker leading to spontaneous formation of imine bonds with CS chains [ 79 ] ( Figure 6 , left circle). The resulting cross-linked CS gels presented significantly improved mechanical and swelling properties.…”

Section: Strategies For Covalent Functionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods complementing morphological characterization of CS derivatives are the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis [ 72 , 130 , 175 ], or atomic force microscopy (AFM) [ 47 , 75 , 79 ]. They are more rarely encountered in the literature.…”

Section: Characterization Of Cs-based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Below 150 °C, weight loss corresponds to physically adsorbed water or alcoholic solvents. From 250 to 400 °C, one observes the degradation of CS derivatives, resulting from dehydration of the saccharide ring, depolymerization, and decomposition of acetylated and deacetylated units [ 79 ]. Above 450 °C, and up to 600 °C, CS derivatives undergo thermal oxidation of the remaining material [ 88 , 101 ].…”

Section: Characterization Of Cs-based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chitosan Functionalization: Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions and Their Characterization

2021

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Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that has gained great interest in many research fields due to its promising biocompatibility, biodegradability, and favorable mechanical properties. The versatility of this low-cost polymer allows for a variety of chemical modifications via covalent conjugation and non-covalent interactions, which are designed to further improve the properties of interest. This review aims at presenting the broad range of functionalization strategies reported over the last five years to reflect the state-of-the art of CS derivatization. We start by describing covalent modifications performed on the CS backbone, followed by non-covalent CS modifications involving small molecules, proteins, and metal adjuvants. An overview of CS-based systems involving both covalent and electrostatic modification patterns is then presented. Finally, a special focus will be given on the characterization techniques commonly used to qualify the composition and physical properties of CS derivatives.

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“…One such compound is 3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione, known as squaric acid (SA) [ 38 ]. It has a cyclic structure and was utilized as an effective crosslinker for MNPs coated with chitosan/collagen [ 19 ], and collagen/elastin hydrogels [ 39 ] or in preparing a copolymacrolactone for essential oil encapsulation [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Comparative Studies of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Different Coupling Agents

Rusu¹,

Chiriac²,

Niţă³

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Squaric acid (SA) is a compound with potential to crosslink biomacromolecules. Although SA has become over the last years a well-known crosslinking agent as a result of its good biocompatibility, glutaraldehyde (GA), a compound with proven cytotoxicity is still one of the most used crosslinkers to develop nanomaterials. In this regard, the novelty of the present study consists in determining whether it may be possible to substitute GA with a new bifunctional and biocompatible compound, such as SA, in the process of enzyme immobilization on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Thus, a direct comparison between SA- and GA-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was realized in terms of physico-chemical properties and ability to immobilize catalytic enzymes. The optimal conditions of the synthesis of the two types of GOx-immobilized MNPs were described, thus emphasizing the difference between the two reagents. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering were used for size, shape and colloidal stability characterization of the pristine MNPs and of those coupled with GOx. Binding of GOx to MNPs by using GA or SA was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The stability of the immobilized and free enzyme was investigated by measuring the enzymatic activity. The study confirmed that the resulting activity of the immobilized enzyme and the optimization of enzyme immobilization depended on the type of reagent used and duration of the process. The catalytic performance of immobilized enzyme was tested, revealing that the long-term colloidal stability of SA-functionalized MNPs was superior to those prepared with GA. In conclusion, the SA-functionalized bioconjugates have a better potential as compared to the GA-modified nanosystems to be regarded as catalytic nanodevices for biomedical purposes such as biosensors.

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Examining the Impact of Squaric Acid as a Crosslinking Agent on the Properties of Chitosan-Based Films

Cited by 15 publications

References 56 publications

The Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Color Properties of Thin Films Based on Chitosan Modified by Different Phenolic Acids

The Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Color Properties of Thin Films Based on Chitosan Modified by Different Phenolic Acids

Chitosan Functionalization: Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions and Their Characterization

Synthesis and Comparative Studies of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Different Coupling Agents

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