Examining the Global North Migration Policies: A “Push Out – Push Back” Approach to Forced Migration

Abstract

In this paper we focus on adapting the concept of push – pull factors to forced migration by proposing a “push out – push back” approach that underlines two most crucial elements of forced migrants’ experience. On the one hand, it stresses the reasons for leaving countries of origin or of temporary refuge that are not dependant on the will of people who flew those places, thus the “push out” factors. On the other hand, it represents the refusal of the countries of the Global North to accept forced migrants and their use of various practices, amounting to “push back” factors, to prevent them from entering or leaving their territory if they manage to reach it. These factors can be divided into three groups: passive, active, and symbolic.

Impact of migration on household consumption expenditures in Bangladesh using the coarsened exact matching (CEM) approach

“…This theory of "push" and "pull" factors explains the factors that cause Migration on household consumption expenditures migration (Hoffmann et al, 2019;Kanayo et al, 2019). Pull factors include economic, social, political, cultural or environmental benefits that attract people to migrate to the place of destinations, for example, places where better job opportunities, better education, rich culture or social values, and better living environments are available (Klaus and Pachocka, 2019;Hoffmann et al, 2019). Push factors include the forces that cause people to migrate from the place of origin, for example, fewer employment opportunities and lower wages, political turmoil, social degradation, a fragile economy and loss of assets or lives due to natural disasters (Hoffmann et al, 2019).…”

Policy networks for European internal security governance: toward a more systematic empirical and normative assessment

“…For example, several decades-old forums, such as the "Police Working Group of Terrorism" or the "Club of Berne/Counterterrorism Group," continue to exist and only developed limited connections to the EU. 43 More dynamic and more recent developments have taken place in the area of radicalization. Since 2011, the European Commission has sought to promote an EU-wide network, which includes local authorities and street-level practitioners ("Radicalization Awareness Network") and attracts increasing amounts of official functions.…”

“…Thus, overall, it appears plausible that professional and 42 Hillebrand [36]. 43 Bures [9]. 44 Malmström [51].…”

Managing International Migration: Rethinking Transaction Costs, Red Tape, and Their Impact

“…In the absence of an efficient global migration governance regime, countries escape to one‐off solutions and responses. Red tape is one of them, as several authors contributing to this Special Section indicate implicitly (Chand and Markowski, ; Krakhmalova, ; Klaus and Pachocka, ). The concept of red tape, originating from the field of public order and then applied to the field of public administration, signifies the practice of erecting unnecessary administrative barriers (in the form of additional paper work, time lags, etc.)…”

“…Klaus and Pachocka () in their article, ‘Examining the Global North Migration Policies: A “Push Out – Push Back” Approach to Forced Migration’, highlight the frequently unsurmountable barriers to entry, i.e., red tape, that migrants have to face, first to be able to benefit from their rights derived from refugee law, humanitarian law and human rights law. In this regard, they focus on adapting the concept of push – pull factors to forced migration phenomenon by proposing a “push out – push back” model that underlines two most crucial elements of forced migrants’ experience.…”