“…Staffing—itself a frequently used measure of NH quality—has been associated with both consumer satisfaction (Çalkoğlu et al, 2012; Li et al, 2013; Lucas et al, 2007) and NH processes and outcomes (Bostick, Rantz, Flesner, & Riggs, 2006; Harrington, Olney, Carrillo, & Kang, 2012; Hyer et al, 2011; Kim, 2016; McDonald, Wanger, & Castle, 2013; Shippee et al, 2015a; Xu et al, 2013). Moreover, research is increasingly investigating the role of rehabilitative staff in ensuring quality for both short- and long-stay residents (Lepore & Leland, 2015; Livingstone, 2018). Staffing is measured via five types of staffing: hours per resident day for RNs , LPNs , and certified nursing assistants (CNAs), occupational therapy hours per resident day (OT HPRD), and physical therapy hours per resident day (PT HPRD).…”