Examining the Effects of HMDs/FSDs and Gender Differences on Cognitive Processing Ability and User Experience of the Stroop Task-Embedded Virtual Reality Driving System (STEVRDS)

Chang, Chen Wei; Li, Mengtong; Yeh, Shih-Ching; Chen, Yijing; Rizzo, Albert

doi:10.1109/access.2020.2966564

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In particular, the scores of mental demand and frustration were significantly different between the two systems, as users felt dizzy or mentally stressed when participating in the experiment. Chang et al [82] designed a driving system with embedded Stroop tasks. Stroop task had been used to assess cognitive processing and selective attention abilities, which asked an individual to distinguish whether a certain word's meaning and visual color match [82].…”

Section: Cognitive Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chang et al [82] designed a driving system with embedded Stroop tasks. Stroop task had been used to assess cognitive processing and selective attention abilities, which asked an individual to distinguish whether a certain word's meaning and visual color match [82]. They found that the average response time when users answered Stroop trials in the FSD (flat-screen displays) condition was shorter than that in the HMD condition.…”

Section: Cognitive Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Female users had a significantly lower average minimum oxygen saturation and a greater decrease in oxygen saturation during the use of the system. The virtual driving system generated more mental work for women, which resulted in greater oxygen consumption [82].…”

Section: Cognitive Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on ergonomics evaluations of virtual reality

Chen

2023

WOR

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BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) is a combination of technologies that allow the user to interact with a computer-simulated environment with the experience of immersion, interactivity, and imagination. However, ergonomic problems related to virtual reality have adverse effects on the health and experience of users, which restrict the application of virtual reality technology. OBJECTIVE: The paper aims to provide an overview of the ergonomics evaluation of VR for further development of software and hardware of VR. METHODS: This paper describes and discusses the ergonomics issues involved in the software and hardware of VR from three aspects: visual, physiological, and cognitive. The paper also summarizes the research methods and evaluation metrics. RESULTS: Many attempts have been made to study ergonomics issues of VR, mainly including pressure, muscle fatigue, thermal comfort, visual fatigue, and motion sickness. Ergonomics studies are very valuable for research related to virtual reality. There is a summary table that lists the main evaluation metrics and methods. CONCLUSIONS: According to current research, this review gives three recommendations for further research on VR, which will be helpful for further human-centered research and design work within the VR industry.

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Section: Cognitive Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cognitive Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on ergonomics evaluations of virtual reality

Chen

2023

WOR

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“…Furthermore, HMDs usually block the view of the surrounding physical environment completely, which can further increase immersivity (see Slater, 2018). These differences can lead to higher perceived presence when using HMDs (Chang et al, 2020;Li et al, 2020;Yao & Kim, 2019) and have behavioral implications, such as greater physical effort with HMDs (Yao & Kim, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have not included any direct comparison between the platforms, although the tasks included could be implemented with small adjustments in both. However, some other studies with relatively recent HMD hardware have compared the two technologies directly by implementing the same task with both, albeit their scenarios were not taken directly from ordinary daily life (Brooks et al, 2017;Chang et al, 2020). Brooks and colleagues (2017) compared the HMD and FSD versions of a military flight simulator in a within-subjects study and found no difference in target detection performance between the two versions, but their participants reported higher mental workload and discomfort when using the HMD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Goal-oriented Behavior in Virtual Reality: Children Prefer Head-mounted Displays but Flat Screens Provide a Viable Performance Measure for Remote Testing

Seesjärvi¹,

Laine²,

Kasteenpohja³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: EPELI (Executive Performance of Everyday LIving) is a Virtual Reality (VR) task that has been developed to study goal-directed behavior in everyday life contexts. To see if an immersive version implemented with a head-mounted display (HMD) and a non-immersive version employing a flat screen display (FSD) yield similar results, we had 72 typically developing 9- to 13-year-old children to play both versions in a counterbalanced order. The children’s everyday executive functions were assessed with the parent-rated Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Functions (BRIEF) questionnaire. To assess the applicability of EPELI for online testing, half of the FSD version gameplays were conducted remotely and the rest in the laboratory.RESULTS: All EPELI performance measures were correlated across the versions. The children’s performance was mostly similar in the two versions, but small effects reflecting higher performance in FSD-EPELI were found in the measures of Total score, Task efficacy, and Time-based prospective memory score. The children engaged in more active time monitoring in FSD-EPELI. While the children evaluated the feeling of presence and the usability of both versions favorably, most children preferred HMD-EPELI, and evaluated its environment to be more involving and realistic. Both versions showed only negligible problems with the interface quality. No differences in task performance or subjective evaluations were found between the home-based and laboratory-based assessments of FSD-EPELI. In both EPELI versions, the efficacy measures were correlated with BRIEF on the first assessment, but not on the second. This raises questions about the stability of the associations reported between executive function tasks and questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: Both the HMD and FSD versions of EPELI are viable tools for the naturalistic assessment of goal-directed behavior in children. While the HMD version provides a more immersive user experience and naturalistic movement tracking, the FSD version can maximize scalability, reachability, and cost efficacy, as it can be used with common hardware and remotely. Taken together, the findings highlight similarities between the HMD and FSD versions of a cognitively complex VR task, but also underline the specific advantages of these common presentation modes.

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