Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes

Videcoq, Pauline; Barbacci, Adelin; Assor, Carole; Magnenet, Vincent; Arnould, Olivier; Gall, Sophie Le; Lahaye, Marc

doi:10.1093/jxb/erx329

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The material properties of the cell walls in plants are closely related to their actual structure, thus they change during their growth and development due to the biosynthesis and degradation of their constituents (Daher & Braybrook, 2015; Fry, 2004; Johnson, Gidley, Bacic, & Doblin, 2018). The chemical and structural properties of pectin are especially prone to changes in the fruit due to solubilization and enzymatic degradation which are considered to be the key processes responsible for the softening of fruit during ripening (Anderson, 2016; Brummell & Harpster, 2001; Brummell, Dal Cin, Crisosto, & Labavitch, 2004; Redgwell, Curti, & Gehin‐Delval, 2008; Videcoq et al., 2017). The degradation of pectic polymers is mainly caused by exo‐ and endo‐polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), pectin methylesterase (PME), β‐galactosidase (β‐Gal), and α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase (α‐L‐Af) (Caffall & Mohnen, 2009).…”

Section: Pectin Chains Primary Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The primary, secondary, and structures of higher levels of pectin polysaccharides

Zdunek

Pieczywek

Cybulska

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

182

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Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide abundant in the cell wall of plants and is obtained mainly from fruit (citrus and apple), thus its properties are particularly prone to changes occurring during ripening process. Properties of pectin depend on the string‐like structure (conformation, stiffness) of the molecules that determines their mutual interaction and with the surrounding environment. Therefore, in this review the primary, secondary, and structures of higher levels of pectin chains are discussed in relation to external factors including crosslinking mechanisms. The review shows that the primary structure of pectin is relatively well known, however, we still know little about the conformation and properties of the more realistic systems of higher orders involving side chains, functional groups, and complexes of pectin domains. In particular, there is lack of knowledge on the influence of postharvest changes and extraction method on the primary and secondary structure of pectin that would affect conformation in a given environment and assembly to higher structural levels. Exploring the above‐mentioned issues will allow to improve our understanding of pectin functionality and will help to tailor new functionalities for the food industry based on natural but often biologically variable source. The review also demonstrates that atomic force microscopy is a very convenient and adequate tool for the evaluation of pectin conformation since it allows for the relatively straightforward stretching of the pectin molecule in order to measure the force‐extension curve which is directly related to its stiffness or flexibility.

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Section: Pectin Chains Primary Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The primary, secondary, and structures of higher levels of pectin polysaccharides

Zdunek

Pieczywek

Cybulska

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The plant cell wall is a complex matrix mainly consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, and lignins [ 20 ]. In particular, the changes in polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) affect the cell wall mechanical strength and the viscoelastic properties of tissue [ 32 ]. Cell wall polysaccharides (hemicellulose and pectin) are synthesized by glycosyltransferases (GTs) in the Golgi apparatus and secreted into the cell wall by secretory vesicles [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of internode development affecting maize stalk strength

Xie

Wen

et al. 2022

BMC Plant Biol

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Background The stalk rind is one of the important factors affecting maize stalk strength that is closely related to stalk lodging. However, the mechanism of rind development in maize is still largely unknown. Results In this study, we analyzed the mechanical, anatomical, and biochemical properties of the third basal internode in one maize non-stiff-stalk (NSS) line and two stiff-stalk (SS) lines. Compared with the NSS line, the two SS lines had a significantly higher rind penetrometer resistance, thicker rind, and higher dry matter, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin weights per unit length. RNA-seq analysis was used to compare transcriptomes of the third basal internode of the two SS lines and the NSS line at the ninth leaf and tasseling stages. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in hydrolase activity (hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds) and cytoskeleton organization were significantly up-regulated in the two SS lines at the ninth leaf stage and that microtubule process-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the two SS lines at the tasseling stage. Moreover, the two SS lines had enhanced expression of cell wall metabolism-related genes at the tasseling stage. Conclusions The synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and the cytoskeleton might play important roles in internode development. Our results can be applied for screening lodging-resistant inbred lines and breeding lodging-resistant cultivars in maize.

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“…The larger cells had higher ploidy levels, apparently associated with larger strains and so a "thinning" of the cell wall. Because cellulose is the primary determinant of the mechanical properties of apple skin tissues [ 40 ], preferential cell-wall thinning in the larger cells will weaken the fruit skin at these points.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Russet Susceptibility in Apple Is Associated with Skin Cells that Are Larger, More Variable in Size, and of Reduced Fracture Strain

Khanal

et al. 2020

Plants

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Russeting is an economically important surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). Indirect evidence suggests an irregular skin structure may be the cause of the phenomenon. The objective of this study was to characterize epidermal and hypodermal cell morphology and the mechanical properties of the skins of apple cultivars of differing russet susceptibility. Dimensions of epidermal and hypodermal cells were determined using microscopy. Stiffness (S), maximum force (Fmax), and maximum strain (εmax) at failure were quantified using uniaxial tensile tests of skin strips. Particularly during early fruit development, epidermal cells (EC) and hypodermal cells (HC) in russet non-susceptible cultivars occurred in greater numbers per unit area than in russet-susceptible ones. The EC and HC were lower in height, shorter in length, and of reduced tangential surface area. There were little differences in S or Fmax between non-susceptible and susceptible cultivars. However, the εmax were higher for the skins of non-susceptible cultivars, than for those of susceptible ones. This difference was larger for the young than for the later growth stages. It is concluded that russet-susceptible cultivars generally have larger cells and a wider distribution of cell sizes for both EC and HC. These result in decreased εmax for the skin during early fruit development when russet susceptibility is high. This increases the chances of skin failures which is known to trigger russeting.

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Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes

Abstract: The impact of enzymatic degradation of cell walls on the viscoelasticity of apple cortex tissue reveals that methylated homogalacturonan, crystalline cellulose, and xyloglucan branching are key structures in determining cell wall mechanical properties.

Cited by 27 publications

References 84 publications

The primary, secondary, and structures of higher levels of pectin polysaccharides

The primary, secondary, and structures of higher levels of pectin polysaccharides

Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of internode development affecting maize stalk strength

Russet Susceptibility in Apple Is Associated with Skin Cells that Are Larger, More Variable in Size, and of Reduced Fracture Strain

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