Examining spatiotemporal evolution of racial/ethnic disparities in human mobility and COVID-19 health outcomes: Evidence from the contiguous United States

Associations between COVID-19 Pandemic, Lockdown Measures and Human Mobility: Longitudinal Evidence from 86 Countries

“…Human behaviors are complex and cannot readily be brought to a single dimension. Whereas the model controls for a number of other factors and influences, it is clear the contextual complexity of individual and social responses with social distancing continues to defy simple understandings, particularly given the heterogeneous contexts of countries [ 9 , 22 , 83 ].…”

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy cannot fully explain disparities in vaccination coverage across the contiguous United States

“…Exogenous variables included racial/ethnic groups, industry types, socioeconomics, health-related features, housing types, demographics, partisanship, and state fixed effects. Variables were selected based on evidence from prior studies [1] , [22] , [24] , [47] and the C.D.C. social vulnerability index (SVI) [12] , which used 15 variables grouped into four themes, including socioeconomic status, household composition & disability, minority status & language, and housing type & transportation, to reflect the community’s ability to prevent human suffering in the event of disaster.…”

Health disparity in the spread of COVID-19: Evidence from social distancing, risk of interactions, and access to testing

“…However, it remains unclear how disparities in social distancing contribute to COVID-19 incidence during different stages of the pandemic. Hu et al (2022) even found that counties with better social distancing implementations, in terms of reducing their movement and increasing their staying home percentage, do not always have lower infection rates, indicating that disparities in social distancing cannot fully explain the disparities in COVID-19. Then the question is what other disparities resulting from different access to flexible resources are shaping the health disparity in the spread of COVID-19 during different stages of the pandemic?…”

“…Declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, the coronavirus 2019, or COVID-19, has swept the world and raised global awareness of the threat that current and future pandemics hold for human populations ( Altindiş and Ghafour, 2021 ; Cascella et al, 2022 ; Watson et al, 2022 ). While among unvaccinated populations everyone might be equally likely to be infected with COVID-19 from a biological perspective, substantial literature documents significant sociodemographic inequalities in the spread of the disease ( Hooper et al, 2020 ; Clouston et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ; Lee et al, 2022 ). For example, Hooper et al (2020) reported that the rates of COVID-19 are greatest among Latino and African American populations.…”

“…While Clouston et al (2021) did not explicitly measure the disparities of social distancing across different socioeconomic status groups, much work measured social distancing disparities using a variety of human mobility metrics, such as point of interest (POI) visits ( Jay et al, 2020 ; Weill et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2022 ), time spent at or away from home ( Borgonovi and Andrieu 2020 ; Jay et al, 2020 ; Weill et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2022 ), number of gathering ( Lee et al, 2022 ), and mobility flows ( Chang et al, 2021 ; Hou et al, 2021 ). These studies all consistently show significant disparities in social distancing across different socioeconomic status groups.…”