“…Evolutionary-based algorithms like differential evolution (DE) [16] have also been employed to solve these problems, and hybrid algorithms [10] combining both evolutionaryand swarm-based algorithms have also been developed. In recent years, the advances in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning [17], and AI modeling [18] have witnessed a rapid growth in the application of intelligent monitoring like fire source identification and optimal layout design [19,20]. These techniques may include artificial neural network (ANN) [21], convolutional neural network (CNN) [8,22], transpose convolution neural network (TCNN) [23], BP neural network [24,25], long short-term memory network (LSTM) [21,23,26] or LSTM recurrent neural network [27], bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) [28], random forests (RF) [26], as well as other machine learning algorithms like Bayesian network (BN), support vector regression (SVR), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) [26,29].…”