Examining racial bias as a potential factor in pedestrian crashes

Coughenour, Courtney; Clark, Sheila; Singh, Ashok K.; Claw, Eudora; Abelar, James; Huebner, Joshua

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.09.031

Cited by 51 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This research is consistent with prior studies (Coughenour et al, 2017;Goddard et al, 2015) finding similar racial discrimination against pedestrians. In the systematic field experiments, examining the effects of crosswalk signs and marking on driver's yielding behavior at the same location demonstrated that a) signs and marking significantly increase driver compliance with crossing rules or expectations, and b) that increase in compliance may not be equitably distributed.…”

Section: Future Directions For Researchsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The other race and gender groups had three pedestrians each, making their estimates more reliable. As noted earlier, other field experiments have employed only one pedestrian per group (Coughenour et al, 2017); however, we still suggest caution in the interpretation. Second, the low number of racial minority drivers in the study limits the ability to draw strong conclusions about the role of driver characteristics on yielding behavior.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…However, due to participant attrition, only one of the Black female pedestrians completed trials (n=55). While data from the Black female pedestrian are included in these analyses (see Coughenour et al, 2017, for similar field experiments using only one pedestrian per group), we suggest caution in its interpretation due to the low sample size from one individual for the Black female group. Because these are different pedestrians in Phase 1 and Phase 2, analyses focus on group differences within each crosswalk type separately, rather than comparing across the marked and unmarked locations for any given pedestrian group.…”

Section: Phase 2 Results: Marked Crosswalkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If Black pedestrians experience longer wait times at crosswalks, this could encourage risky crossing behaviors, which could potentially contribute to the disparate pedestrian fatality rates. A later study using a similar crossing paradigm with Black and White women in Las Vegas found that drivers in high-income areas were less likely to yield to the Black female pedestrian when she was in the roadway, again highlighting the potential safety issues faced by Black pedestrians trying to crossing the street (Coughenour et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial Bias in Drivers' Yielding Behavior at Crosswalks: Understanding the Effect

Kahn¹,

McMahon²,

Goddard³

et al. 2017

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Background. Racial/ethnic disparity has been documented in a wide variety of health outcomes, and environmental components are contributors. For example, food deserts have been tied to obesity rates. Pedestrian injuries are strongly tied to environmental factors, yet no studies have examined racial disparity in pedestrian injury rates. We examine a nationally-representative sample of pedestrian-related hospitalizations in the United States to identify differences in incidence, severity, and cost by race/ethnicity. Methods. Patients with ICD diagnosis E-codes for pedestrian injuries were drawn from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2009-2016). Rates were calculated using the United States Census. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear regression were used to examine characteristics (age, sex, severity of illness, mortality rates, hospital admissions, length of stay, total costs) associated with hospitalizations for pedestrian injuries. Results. The annual average of pedestrian-related deaths exceeded 5,000 per year and hospitalizations exceeded 47,000 admissions per year. The burden of injury from pedestrian-related hospitalizations was higher among Black, Hispanic, and Multiracial/Other groups in terms of admission rates, costs per capita, proportion of children injured, and length of stay compared to Whites and Asian or Paci c Islander race/ethnicities. Compared to Whites, hospital admission rates were 1.92 (95% CI: 1.89-1.94) and 1.20

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Section: Future Directions For Researchsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Phase 2 Results: Marked Crosswalkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial Bias in Drivers' Yielding Behavior at Crosswalks: Understanding the Effect

Kahn¹,

McMahon²,

Goddard³

et al. 2017

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“…Walking and bicycling for transportation can decrease American's dependency on motor vehicles and increase physical activity levels; however, the built environment and driver and pedestrian behaviors must support these practices. Driver yielding behaviors are influenced by a variety of factors [6]. Drivers are more likely to yield to groups of pedestrians than to individuals [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Pedestrian Crossing Flags on Driver Yielding Behavior in Las Vegas, NV

et al. 2019

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Walking is the most affordable, accessible, and environmentally friendly method of transportation. However, the risk of pedestrian injury or death from motor vehicle crashes is significant, particularly in sprawling metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pedestrian crossing flags (PCFs) on driver yielding behaviors. Participants crossed a marked, midblock crosswalk on a multilane road in Las Vegas, Nevada, with and without PCFs, to determine if there were differences in driver yielding behaviors (n = 160 crossings). Trained observers recorded (1) the number of vehicles that passed in the nearest lane without yielding while the pedestrian waited at the curb and (2) the number of vehicles that passed through the crosswalk while the pedestrian was in the same half of the roadway. ANOVA revealed that drivers were significantly less likely to pass through the crosswalk with the pedestrian in the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 0.20; M = 0.06); drivers were more likely to yield to the pedestrian waiting to enter the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 1.38; M = 0.95). Pedestrian crossing flags are a low-tech, low-cost intervention that may improve pedestrian safety at marked mid-block crosswalks. Future research should examine driver fade-out effects and more advanced pedestrian safety alternatives.

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“Being at Home”, White Racism, and Minority Health

Bhandary

2021

Philosophy and Medicine

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Examining racial bias as a potential factor in pedestrian crashes

Cited by 51 publications

References 9 publications

Racial Bias in Drivers' Yielding Behavior at Crosswalks: Understanding the Effect

Racial Bias in Drivers' Yielding Behavior at Crosswalks: Understanding the Effect

The Impact of Pedestrian Crossing Flags on Driver Yielding Behavior in Las Vegas, NV

“Being at Home”, White Racism, and Minority Health

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