Examining gender equity in health policies in a low- (Peru), middle- (Colombia), and high- (Canada) income country in the Americas

Stewart, Donna E.; Dorado, Linda; Diaz-Granados, Natalia; Rondón, Marta B.; Saavedra, Javier E.; Posada‐Villa, José; Torres, Yolanda

doi:10.1057/jphp.2009.40

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In developed countries, for example, Canada, efforts to promote gender equality in education and employment have been numerous [6], but many developing countries exhibit considerable gender inequality in education [7], employment [8], and health outcomes [9]. For example, there are large discrepancies in employment status between the sexes in black South African adults [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study

Hassanzadeh

Moradi

Esmailnasab

et al. 2014

Epidemiology Research International

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The study aimed to investigate gender inequalities and their health associated factors in world countries. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using data of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO). The main variable in this study was gender inequality index (GII). All countries were stratified by WHO regions. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the linear correlation between GII and investigated factors by WHO regions. The mean of GII was greater in Africa and lower in Europe region. There was negative significant association between GII and life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling, prevalence of current tobacco smoking, high blood pressure and overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption rate, and cancer death rate. But there was positive significant association between GII and noncommunicable diseases death rates. In conclusion, gender inequalities, though decreasing over the past decades in world, remain notably greater in Africa and Eastern Mediterranean regions than in Europe. Gender inequality is also an important issue which is related to health factors. Hence, countries will need to focus on public health intervention and equal distribution of economic resources to reduce gender inequality in society.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study

Hassanzadeh

Moradi

Esmailnasab

et al. 2014

Epidemiology Research International

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“…In a U.S. survey of persons aged 18 and older by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), women were 70% more likely to experience depression than men (4). A woman’s education level has also been associated with her use of health services beyond primary care (17). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Clinic Outpatients in Western Jamaica

et al. 2013

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Objectives There is a paucity of studies on psychosocial disorders in a clinic population in Jamaica. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a clinic population in western Jamaica. Methods A total of 338 participants from four outpatient clinics of the Western Regional Health Authority (WRHA) were screened for symptoms of depression and anxiety using questions from the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The chi-square test was used to examine differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression by gender. Multivariate linear and logistic regression were used to examine the associations between symptoms and socio-demographic variables with significance set at p<0.05. Results Approximately 30% of participants had moderate or severe depression symptoms while 18.6% had moderate or severe anxiety symptoms. Participants aged 30–39 years were more likely than older participants to have moderate or severe anxiety symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.39–5.56). Women reported a statistically significant higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms (10.0% vs. 7.1%, p=0.003). There was also a statistically significant difference between anxiety means by gender. Furthermore, income was found to be a significant predictor of anxiety for women only (p=0.0113). Married persons were more likely than those who had never married to have moderate or severe anxiety symptoms (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.14–5.76). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the prevalence of depression may be higher than global estimates in similar outpatient settings. Screening and intervention efforts may need to focus on younger persons, women, and married persons.

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“…In Canada, efforts to promote gender equality in education and employment have been numerous [3], but few studies have investigated the influence of such policies in populations. Canada ranked sixteenth worldwide on the United Nations' gender inequality index in 2008 [4], and several Canadian studies have shown important gender differences in chronic illness, distress, mental health, and self-rated health [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of gender inequality in neighbourhoods of Québec, Canada

Tamambang

Auger

et al. 2011

Int J Equity Health

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IntroductionFew studies have measured gender inequality at levels lower than the country. We sought to develop neighbourhood indicators of gender inequality, and assess their ability to capture variability in gender inequality across Québec, Canada.MethodsAggregate 2001 census data for 11,564 neighbourhoods were obtained for men and women. Twelve indicators of gender inequality representing demographic/household characteristics, education, income, work/leisure, and political participation were selected. Neighbourhood-level gender inequality scores were computed for each indicator, and examined across parts of Québec (metropolitan areas, mid-sized cities, rural areas). Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess the ability of indicators to capture heterogeneity in gender inequality across neighbourhoods.ResultsMale-dominant neighbourhood-level gender inequality tended to be present for average employment income, labour force participation, employment rate, and employment in managerial positions. Female-dominant gender inequality tended to be present for divorce, single-headed households, and participation in unpaid housework, child and elderly care. Neighbourhood-level gender inequality tended to vary across metropolitan areas, mid-sized cities, and rural areas. Gender inequality scores also varied within these geographic areas. For example, there was greater income-related gender inequality in high than low income neighbourhoods. Monte Carlo simulations suggested that the variation in gender inequality across neighbourhoods was greater than expected with chance alone.ConclusionNeighbourhood-level gender inequality tended to be present in Québec, and varied across parts of the province. Greater awareness of and research on neighbourhood-level gender inequality may be warranted to inform gender policies in Québec and other nations.

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Examining gender equity in health policies in a low- (Peru), middle- (Colombia), and high- (Canada) income country in the Americas

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study

The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study

Correlates of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Clinic Outpatients in Western Jamaica

Measurement of gender inequality in neighbourhoods of Québec, Canada

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