Examining for Cavum Septum Pellucidum and Ventricular Enlargement in Retired Elite-Level Rugby League Players

Abstract

ObjectiveA cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) has been reported as a visible brain anomaly in normal individuals as well in some former combat and collision sport athletes. The appearance of CSP with fenestrations and ventricular enlargement are considered associated features of the neuropathological diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The current study examined CSP anatomic features and lateral ventricle size in retired elite rugby league players and controls.MethodsForty-one retired rugby league players and 41 healthy community controls, similar in age and education, underwent structural MRI scans. CSP grade, CSP length, corpus callosum septal length, and Evans' ratio (for lateral ventricle size) were rated by two of the current study authors. All participants also self-reported concussion exposure histories, depressive symptoms, daytime sleepiness, and impulsivity. They completed a neuropsychological test battery assessing premorbid intellectual functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, memory, and aspects of executive functioning.ResultsThe two raters had high agreement for CSP grade (Cohen's κ = 0.80), CSP length [intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.99], corpus callosum septal length (ICC = 0.73), the CSP/septal ratio (ICC = 0.99), and the Evans' ratio (ICC = 0.75). Twenty-five retired players (61.0%) had an abnormal CSP compared to 17 controls [41.5%; χ(1, 82)2 = 3.12, p = 0.08, odds ratio = 2.21]. The CSP/septal ratio was larger for retired players than for the controls. The Evans' ratio did not differ between the two groups. In the retired rugby league players (n = 41), those with normal (n = 16) and abnormal (n = 25) CSP grades did not differ across age, age of first exposure to collision sport, years of sport exposure, concussion history, or 23 clinical and cognitive variables.ConclusionThis study revealed a difference in the size of the CSP between retired professional rugby league players and controls. There was no significant difference in the size of the ventricles between the two groups. There were no significant differences between those with vs. without an abnormal CSP on age of first exposure to rugby league, years of exposure to repetitive neurotrauma, number of lifetime concussions, depression, impulsivity, perceived cognitive decline, or on any neuropsychological test.

Health conditions among retired elite rugby players: a scoping review

“…Subsequently, 37 articles were exluded due to having the incorrect outcome (6), incorrect population (10), incorrect study design (3), incorrect publication type (16) or the results were presented in another included study (2). Ultimately, 16 studies were included in the scoping review 2 3 9 13 21–32…”

“…An appropriate statistical analysis was given in four studies 25 27–29. In the other 12 studies, there was no 95% CI provided with the prevalence rates 3 9 13 21–26 30–33. In 10 studies, the response rate was not described 2 3 13 21 24 26 27 30–32.…”

“…In the other 12 studies, there was no 95% CI provided with the prevalence rates 3 9 13 21–26 30–33. In 10 studies, the response rate was not described 2 3 13 21 24 26 27 30–32. The full results of the critical appraisal are presented in online supplemental appendix S3C.…”

“…Six articles described the prevalence of the following neurocognitive health conditions: neurological abnormalities, dementia, neurological disease, mild cognitive disorder, cognitive decline, the presence of abnormal cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and Parkinson’s disease 9 21 22 28 30 31. The studies used questionnaires, standardised assessment tools and MRI scans to obtain information.…”

Severe CTE and TDP-43 pathology in a former professional soccer player with dementia: a clinicopathological case report and review of the literature

“…[ 71 ] The CSP is also associated with RHI [ 72 – 74 ], frequently noted in autopsy-confirmed CTE brain donors [ 11 ], but this finding is not specific as it may also be found in the healthy population or asymptomatic contact-sport athletes. [ 75 , 76 ] Consequently, the aforementioned MRI findings are potentially helpful as a marker for neurodegeneration or previous injuries rather than a specific diagnostic feature for CTE. Concerning the blood biomarkers, the low concentration of plasma p-tau-181 is consistent with recent work on two other autopsy-confirmed CTE cases that showed comparable low values of plasma p-tau-181.…”