Examining Explanations for Differences in Two-Dimensional Graphic Spatial Representation of Cubes Among Totally Blind Subjects

Abstract

This essay examines the earlier findings regarding the final stages of development of two-dimensional graphic spatial representation among congenitally blind individuals. Using the "draw a cube task," our study probes into the spatial representation by participants aged 17 and above and with different visual conditions. Nine totally blind participants, ages between 17 and 21, represent five visual conditions. Only one among them, a subject who lost his vision at 9 years of age and who loved to draw prior to loosing his vision, adopted the final stage of graphic development, the oblique projection system. Remaining participants used the orthographic projection system or earlier stages. These results contradict Kennedy's assumptions and developmental model that purports that congenitally blind individuals may attain the final stages of graphic development through tactile experience. We offer the explanation that participants' (of earlier studies conducted by Kennedy) past visual experience, their passion to learn drawing, and specific education are possible crucial reasons why these totally blind subjects adopted oblique perception or linear perspective; and we argue that the tactile sense alone cannot replace the visual sense when it comes to either obtaining visual information or two-dimensional graphic representational strategies. Other insights include consideration of implications for the art and education of blind children. Spatial representation development in sighted children has been studied for nearly 120 years in psychology, education, anthropology, and art. As researchers in neurophysiology and psychology have emphasized, studies related to multisenses (D

Drawing as a tool for investigating the nature of imagery representations of blind people: The case of the canonical size phenomenon

“…Importantly, the recognisability and formal features (e.g., the use of contour lines) of the drawings produced under haptic control seem to depend on practice at drawing and the severity of sight impairment. Overall, the quality of drawings might increase with the drawing experience of participants with severe visual impairment, and be positively related to their ability to use mental visual imagery (D'Angiulli & Maggi, 2003;I & Shiu, 2010;Vinter et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2020). In other words, drawing appears to be more challenging for people who are blind from birth than for late blind individuals.…”