Examining evidence of financial and credit exclusion in Canada from 1999 to 2005

Aboriginal Fringe Finance Use and Financial Capabilities: Survey Evidence from a Canadian City

“…There is a consensus among the majority of research findings in the developed world that the likelihood of financial exclusion tends to rise with lower income, less wealth, lower age groups, higher debt, lower levels of education, larger families and tends to fall with homeownership (Buckland & Dong, 2008;Simpson and Buckland, 2009;Bowles et al, 2011;Gross et al, 2012). There is a consensus among the majority of research findings in the developed world that the likelihood of financial exclusion tends to rise with lower income, less wealth, lower age groups, higher debt, lower levels of education, larger families and tends to fall with homeownership (Buckland & Dong, 2008;Simpson and Buckland, 2009;Bowles et al, 2011;Gross et al, 2012).…”

Payday Lending and Microcredit: Two Faces of the Same Problem?

“…Annual interest rates for a $300 loan varies from 260 to 988 per cent among provinces in Canada (Buckland & Dong, ). For example, borrowers of payday loans in Manitoba paid a 771 per cent annual rate prior to provincial regulation in 2008 (Simpson & Buckland, ) compared with rates of 639 per cent in Ontario and 943 per cent in Nova Scotia (Bellam & Talai, ).…”

Access to consumer credit in the UK

“…Consumer credit is defined as having a consumer loan or a credit card from a financial intermediary or similar institution (This definition does not comprise mortgages or other secured loans). A household is said to have access to finance when they are paying off a loan or have a credit card (Simpson and Buckland, 2009)…”

“…In the UK, policy concerns about access to finance have also been highlighted by the Deputy Prime Minister who put the banks under the spotlight by accusing them of excluding certain racial minorities from financial services (Clegg, 2011). The inability to obtain financial products and services (or 'having no access to financial products and services') is termed financial exclusion (Simpson and Buckland, 2009). Financial exclusion serves as a detriment to affected individuals because they encounter difficulties in participating fully in everyday transactions and this can act as a drag on economic and social progress (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, While households may be excluded from access to financial services because they do not fulfil minimum economic criteria (insufficient income, net worth and so on) it may also be because lenders discriminate between different types of borrowers on non-economic grounds.…”