Examining adolescents’ obesogenic behaviors on structured days: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zosel, Kristen; Monroe, Courtney M.; LaFlamme, Chantal C.; Brazendale, Keith; Weaver, R. Glenn

doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01040-9

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The findings showed that children were more active on weekdays than weekend days, which is consistent with previous studies. ( Brooke et al, 2014 , Collings et al, 2014 , To et al, 2018 , Konharn et al, 2012 , Duncan et al, 2010 , Zosel et al, 2022 ) The percentage of difference among children (5.1%) was also similar to that of 52 meta-analysed studies (5.1%). ( Brooke et al, 2014 ) Adults were also found to be more active on weekdays than weekend days which is consistent with the findings from two previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…That is during structured days, children’s time is filled with “favorable activities” (e.g., scheduled physical education/ physical activity events, and regulated school meals) leaving less time for unhealthy activities (e.g., unlimited screen time). While the Structured Days Hypothesis is supported by many studies which have found that physical activity levels of children and adolescents are higher on weekdays compared to weekend days, ( Brooke et al, 2014 , Collings et al, 2014 , To et al, 2018 , Konharn et al, 2012 , Duncan et al, 2010 , Zosel et al, 2022 , Brazendale et al, 2021 ) some studies found no significant difference. ( Steele et al, 2010 , Wilkin et al, 2006 ) Another study found more activity on weekend days, compared to weekdays in Chinese children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( Wong et al, 2015 , Trost et al, 2000 ) found that children were more active but adolescents were less active on weekend days. ( Trost et al, 2000 ) A potential limitation of many studies is the use of self-reported measures, ( Zosel et al, 2022 ) which may limit generalizability to the general population. Moreover, differences in physical activity during weekdays and weekend days were mostly investigated for some characteristics such as age, gender, and weight status but less commonly for other characteristics such as poverty status and ethnicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Differences in physical activity between weekdays and weekend days among U.S. children and adults: Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2011–2014 data

To¹,

Stanton²,

Schöeppe³

et al. 2022

Preventive Medicine Reports

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Differences in physical activity between weekdays and weekend days among U.S. children and adults: Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2011–2014 data

To¹,

Stanton²,

Schöeppe³

et al. 2022

Preventive Medicine Reports

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“…Indeed, according to the structured days hypothesis, a "pre-planned, segmented, and adult-supervised compulsory environment plays an overall protective role" (p. 2, 69) against the occurrence of negative health outcomes (including obesogenic activities like long time spent in front of screens). Also, according to a review and metaanalysis (69), screen time is less healthy on less structured days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screen time and adolescents' mental health before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland: A natural experiment

et al. 2022

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BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, adolescents' mental health was largely undermined. A general increment in screen time was reported. However, the long-term effects of the latter on adolescents' mental health are still little explored.MethodsIn the present natural experiment, we investigated these effects using longitudinal data collected before and after the first lockdown in Switzerland. Data come from 674 Swiss adolescents (56.7% females, Mage = 14.45, SDage = 0.50) during Spring 2019 (T1) and Autumn 2020 (T2) as part of the longitudinal MEDIATICINO study. Self-reported mental health measures included somatic symptoms, inattention, anxiety, irritability, anger, sleep problems, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, loneliness, and depression. Measures for screen-media activities included time spent on the Internet, smartphones, social media, video gaming, instant messaging, and television viewing. They were all assessed at T1 and T2.ResultsPaired-sample t-tests with Bonferroni's correction showed that most mental health problems increased over time with an overall medium effect size (Hedge's g = 0.337). In particular, medium effect sizes were found for anxiety, depression, and inattention; small-to-medium effect sizes were reported for loneliness, sleep problems, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms; and a small effect size was found for somatic symptoms. Screen-media activities increased, with the exception of television viewing and video gaming. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that, controlling for covariates, increased time spent on social media – calculated as the difference between T2 and T1 – was the only screen-media activity significantly associated with worse mental health at T2 (β = 0.112, p = 0.016). More time spent in structured media activities like television viewing diminished levels of inattention (β = −0.091, p = 0.021) and anxiety (β = −0.093, p = 0.014). Among covariates, being female, experiencing two or more life events, having mental health problems at T1, and using screens for homeschooling negatively influenced mental health at T2.ConclusionThese results align with literature indicating a small but negative effect of social media time on mental health. Underlying mechanisms are manifold, including increased exposure to COVID-19 news, heightened fear of missing out, social comparison, and time-displaced for activities such as physical activity and green time. However, in line with the structured days hypothesis, getting involved in media-structured activities like television viewing might protect against mental health symptoms.

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“…These included the following: (1) schools completely shut down, with all students receiving online instructions, (2) alternating school days (hybrid), in which half of the students receive in-person instructions some days of the week and virtual on others, and (3) families opting to have their children receive in-person or online instructions [ 12 ]. The positive impact that schools have on the movement behaviors of youth is well documented [ 13 , 14 ], but such findings typically compare weekdays, when children attend school, to weekend days. There is a paucity of research comparing the movement behaviors between children attending in-person and virtual school, which could provide insights about the impact of in-person school on youth health behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Virtual vs. In-Person School on Children Meeting the 24-h Movement Guidelines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pfledderer

Beets

Burkart

et al. 2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

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The pandemic mitigation strategy of closing schools, while necessary, may have unintentionally impacted children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sleep, and time spent watching screens. In some locations, schools used hybrid attendance models, with some days during the week requiring in-person and others virtual attendance. This scenario offers an opportunity to evaluate the impact of attending in-person school on meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Children (N = 690, 50% girls, K–5th) wore wrist-placed accelerometers for 14 days during October/November 2020. Parents completed daily reports on child time spent on screens and time spent on screens for school. The schools’ schedule was learning for 2 days/week in-person and 3 days/week virtually. Using only weekdays (M–F), the 24-h movement behaviors were classified, and the probability of meeting all three was compared between in-person vs. virtual learning and across grades. Data for 4956 weekdays (avg. 7 d/child) were collected. In-person school was associated with a greater proportion (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.33–2.18) of days that children were meeting the 24-h movement guidelines compared to virtual school across all grades. Students were more likely to meet the screen time (OR = 9.14, 95% CI: 7.05–11.83) and MVPA (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.25–1.80) guidelines and less likely to meet the sleep (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62–0.86) guidelines on the in-person compared to the virtual school days. Structured environments, such as school, have a protective effect on children’s movement behaviors, especially physical activity and screen time.

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Examining adolescents’ obesogenic behaviors on structured days: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 26 publications

References 83 publications

Differences in physical activity between weekdays and weekend days among U.S. children and adults: Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2011–2014 data

Differences in physical activity between weekdays and weekend days among U.S. children and adults: Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2011–2014 data

Screen time and adolescents' mental health before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland: A natural experiment

Impact of Virtual vs. In-Person School on Children Meeting the 24-h Movement Guidelines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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