Examination of the xanthosine response on gene expression of mammary epithelial cells using RNA-seq technology

Abstract

BackgroundXanthosine treatment has been previously reported to increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the increase in stem cell population and milk production remain unclear.MethodsPrimiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days post-partum, one mammary gland of each goat was infused with xanthosine (TRT) twice daily (2×) for 3 days consecutively, and the other gland served as a control (CON). Milk samples from the TRT and CON glands were collected on the 10th day after the last xanthosine infusion and the total RNA was isolated from milk fat globules (MEGs). Total RNA in MFGs was mainly derived from the milk epithelial cells (MECs) as evidenced by expression of milk synthesis genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) terms using PANTHER and gene networks were generated using STRING db.ResultsPreliminary analysis indicated that each individual goat responded to xanthosine treatment differently, with this trend being correlated with specific DEGs within the same animal’s mammary gland. Several pathways are impacted by these DEGs, including cell communication, cell proliferation and anti-microbials.ConclusionsThis study provides valuable insights into transcriptomic changes in milk producing epithelial cells in response to xanthosine treatment. Further characterization of DEGs identified in this study is likely to delineate the molecular mechanisms of increased milk production and stem or progenitor cell population by the xanthosine treatment.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40781-018-0177-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

LC–MS metabolomics reveal skin metabolic signature of psoriasis vulgaris

“…We firstly observed an increasing xanthosine in the skin lesions of psoriasis patients. Previous studies revealed that xanthosine can promote cell proliferation and differentiation and prevent excessive recruitment of white blood cells to inflammatory sites 31,32 . Similarly, increased inosine was found in psoriatic lesions and positive correlated with PASI score in this study.…”

“…Previous studies revealed that xanthosine can promote cell proliferation and differentiation and prevent excessive recruitment of white blood cells to inflammatory sites. 31,32 Similarly, increased inosine was found in psoriatic lesions and positive correlated with PASI score in this study. Koizumi et al demonstrated that increased activity of adenosine deaminase was F I G U R E 6 Correlation between seven biomarkers and the PASI scores (all p < 0.05).…”