Examination of lead concentrations in new decorative enamel paints in four countries with different histories of activity in lead paint regulation

Clark, C. Scott; Kumar, Abhay; Mohapatra, Piyush; Rajankar, Prashant; Nycz, Zuleica; Hambartsumyan, Amalia; Astanina, Lydia; Roda, Sandy; Lind, Caroline; Menrath, William; Peng, Hongying

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.006

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Various countries have initiated laws that regulate or ban the use of hazardous chemicals and substances in paint with varying degrees of compliance. 40 , 41 There are regulations in place in Nigeria stipulating that paints should contain less than 90 ppm (dry weight) of total lead and 100 ppm of cadmium, but these limits have not been enforced. 42–44 Thus, we conducted a survey of decorative paints currently sold in Nigeria using Lagos and Ibadan as case studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Lead and Cadmium in Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria

Apanpa-Qasim

Adeyi

Mudliar

et al. 2016

Journal of Health and Pollution

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Background.In spite of the availability of substitutes for lead and cadmium compounds in paints, manufacturers continue to produce paints with high levels of these metals. As the population continues to grow and there is a continued shift from oil-based to water-based paints, the sales and use of these paints will increase the exposure of humans and the environment to these metals.Objectives.We measured the levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in 174 paint samples marketed in Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. Paint samples from different manufacturers registered with and without Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) were considered.Methods.Samples were acid digested using a microwave digester and the levels of the elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).Discussion.The levels of Cd and Pb (dry weight) in all samples ranged from 98–1999 μg/g and 170–3231 μg/g, respectively. All the samples were above the permissible limits of 90 ppm of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission and 100 ppm limit of the European Union (EU) for Pb and Cd in paint.Conclusions.We concluded that water-based paints marketed in Nigeria still contain substantial amounts of lead and cadmium which are detrimental to human health and the entire ecosystem. These metals are among the EU priority metals due to the increased risk of occupational exposure to humans and vulnerable groups such as children.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Lead and Cadmium in Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria

Apanpa-Qasim

Adeyi

Mudliar

et al. 2016

Journal of Health and Pollution

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“…In a related study conducted by Clark et al [9] in several different countries, products with Pb contents of 25,000 mg•kg −1 (Armenia), 15,700 mg•kg −1 (Kazakhstan), 16,600 mg•kg −1 (India), and 5600 mg•kg −1 (Brazil) were identified. In Brazil, implemented regulations had led to the reduction of the Pb content as the products initially contained an average of 36,000 mg•kg −1 of Pb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…According to statistical studies conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), Pb exposure accounted for approximately half a million deaths in 2016 [7], 82% of which occurred in developing countries [8]. Architectural paints and household items are an important exposure source because of their proximity to people; these products also continue to be sold despite their high Pb content [9]. In 2017, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reported that only one-third of 193 countries have regulations related to the use of Pb in paints [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2017, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reported that only one-third of 193 countries have regulations related to the use of Pb in paints [8]. In response to the frequent incidence of high Pb concentrations in paints, especially in decorative glazes, and the possible health conditions that they could cause, the WHO, together with the UNEP, formed the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (GAELP) [9,10]. This alliance has as its main objective the elimination of Pb in paints by 2020 [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alkaline Extraction for Lead Determination in Different Types of Commercial Paints

Romero-Estévez

Yánez-Jácome

Simbaña-Farinango

et al. 2019

MPs

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In 2017, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme formed the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint. All alliance member countries have pledged to develop control regulations that include lead threshold limits. To improve regulations and demonstrate compliance of paint industry products, it is necessary to have adequate, locally applicable methodologies. In this sense, the main objective of this research was to validate the methodology of alkaline extraction for the quantification of lead in ten different types of Ecuadorian commercial paints using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Two hundred and fifty samples from different paint industry products were analyzed, and the results were used to evaluate the method’s performance and robustness. It was determined that the method could be applied for lead concentrations above 100 mg·kg−1, and results showed relative standard deviation values lower than 14.8% and fortification recoveries between 80.3 and 119.4%, fulfilling the acceptance criteria established in the Environmental Protection Agency’s lead-based Paint Laboratory Operations Guidelines.

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“…5,6 However, the sale of paints with lead continues in much of the less developed world. [7][8][9][10][11] As prosperity increases, people often update their homes with colorful paints and sales of such paint is common in the developing world. For example, Indonesia's paint market grew 13% from 2011 to 2012, after a previous average annual growth of 8% between 2006 and 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaded Paint in Cambodia—Pilot-scale Assessment

Lim

Murphy

Wilson

et al. 2015

Journal of Health and Pollution

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Background. Lead is a heavy metal that is well known to pose a threat to human health. Although the sale and use of lead paint has been banned in much of the developed world, lead is still commonly used in enamel paints in the developing world, including Cambodia. As Cambodia's economy grows, this may increase the purchase and use of lead-based paints, thus potentially exposing more of the population to the toxic effects of lead. Objective. This study was performed to evaluate the concentration of lead in enamel paints in Cambodia using a method that is quick, effective, and cost-efficient. Methods. A handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer was used to evaluate 21 samples of enamel paint, including 8 replicates that were randomly purchased from three shops in Phnom Penh, Cambodia to evaluate the level of metals. All of the paint samples in the current study were manufactured in Thailand. Discussion. Ninety percent of the enamel paints sampled in Cambodia exceeded the voluntary standard of 100 μg/g lead of the producing country, Thailand. The mean and median levels for lead were 11,833 μg/g, and 4,961 μg/g, respectively. Conclusion. Based on our pilot-scale assessment, high levels of lead appear to be common in enamel paints in Cambodia, and a fuller assessment of the situation is warranted. Import and production of such toxic products should be avoided and appropriate labeling and public warnings should be provided.

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Examination of lead concentrations in new decorative enamel paints in four countries with different histories of activity in lead paint regulation

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Examination of Lead and Cadmium in Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria

Examination of Lead and Cadmium in Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria

Alkaline Extraction for Lead Determination in Different Types of Commercial Paints

Leaded Paint in Cambodia—Pilot-scale Assessment

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