Examination of bovine faeces for the isolation and identification of Clostridium species

Princewell, T.J.T.; Agba, MI

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb04378.x

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These include isolations from camel, cow, donkey and horse dung,26 27 the intestinal contents of the antarctic Weddell seal,28 as part of the normal flora of conventional neonatal hares,29 and the isolation of a cytotoxigenic strain from a sitatunga deer (Grant IK, Borriello SP and Honour P, unpublished observations, 1982). There were no reports of carriage of C diffic ile in household pets and therefore the potential for disease in these types of animals, and for the transmission of the organism from animal to man either directly or via a fomite was unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection.

Borriello¹,

Honour²,

Turner³

et al. 1983

J Clin Pathol

114

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SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to assess the carriage of Clostridium difficile by household pets to determine their potential as a reservoir of infection. The selective cycloserine-cefoxitin medium was used for C difficile isolation, and tissue culture used for detection of cytotoxin.Carriage of C difficile by household pets was found to be common (23%). The carriage tends to be transient and does not appear to be associated with gastrointestinal disease. Although carriage was higher in animals who had antecedent antibiotic treatment (31%) compared to those which had not (19%), the differences were not statistically significant. In most cases non-cytotoxigenic strains were isolated. Of the cytotoxigenic strains isolated at least one strain was pathogenic in a well documented animal model of human disease. Both cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic strains of C difficile could be isolated from the environment of the animals studied.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection.

Borriello¹,

Honour²,

Turner³

et al. 1983

J Clin Pathol

114

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“…For example, if it were shown to be a common member of the faecal flora of a livestock animal, it could contaminate meat at slaughter; or, if it was widely distributed in soil it could contaminate raw food such as fresh vegetables. Despite isolated reports of C. dfjcile in two sick piglets [13] and in one of 162 Nigerian cattle [14], there has not been a large survey of the prevalence of C. dijjcile in the gut of animals in the human food chain. The results of the present study suggest that consumption of beef, pork or lamb is not likely to be an important source of exposure to C. difJicile, as it was not part of the faecal flora of 104 cattle, 100 pigs and 1% of sheep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales

Saif

Brazier²

1996

Journal of Medical Microbiology

229

168

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A large study of the distribution of Clostridium difJicile in the environment of the Cardiff area of South Wales was performed with a methodology designed to maximise recovery. A total of 2580 samples was taken, with 184 (7.1%) yielding isolates. The highest yield for C. d i f f i l e was obtained from river waters, with 14 (87.5%) of 16 samples from four rivers positive, and from sea water samples with 7 (44%) of 15 positive from six beaches on the Bristol Channel. In addition, 7 (46.7%) of 15 samples of lake water were also positive. Twenty-two (21%) of 104 soil samples, taken from random sites in Cardiff, were positive, as were 20% of environmental samples from four Cardiff hospitals. C. difficile was also isolated from 50% of eight swimming pool waters examined and 1 (5.5%) of 18 of mains tap water. Carriage of C. difficile in 524 faecal samples of assorted farm animals was c. 1%, and was 10% in dogs and 2% in cats. In private residences, the organism was present in 12 (2.2%) of 550 samples. While 2.4% of 300 raw vegetable samples were positive, none of 107 assorted fish gut contents was. These findings indicate that C. difficile may be more widely distributed in the general environment, particularly water, than was previously thought.

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“…Netherwood et al (1996) reported that C. perfringens w a s significantly associated with diarrhoea in foals, while Browning et al (1991) reported that isolation of C. perfringens was not associated with diarrhoea in foals. Clostridium perfringensassociated enteric disease is difficult to diagnose on the basis of culture alone since the organism can be found in the faeces of normal animals (Princewell and Agba 1982;Tschirdewahn et al 1991;Miwa et al 1997;Cohen and Divers 1998). Quantitative culture has been suggested as a tool to diagnose C. perfringensassociated enteric disease in horses (Wierup and DiPietro 1981;Dart et al 1988;Cohen and Divers 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of the roles ofClostridium difficileand enterotoxigenicClostridium perfringensin equine diarrhoea

Weese

Staempfli

Prescott

2001

Equine Veterinary Journal

150

118

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Summary Faecal samples from adult horses and from foals with diarrhoea or with normal faeces were evaluated for the presence of Clostridium difficile, C. difficile toxins, C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and C. perfringens spore counts. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 7/55 horses (12.7%) and 11/31 foals (35.5%) with colitis, but from 1/255 normal adults (0.4%) and 0/47 normal foals (P<0.001). Clostridium difficile toxins A and/or B were detected in 12/55 diarrhoeic adults (21.8%) and 5/30 diarrhoeic foals (16.7%) but in only 1/83 adults (1.2%) and 0/21 foals with normal faeces (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected in 9/47 diarrhoeic adults (19%) and 8/28 diarrhoeic foals (28.6%), but was not detected in 47 adult horses (P<0.002) or 4 foals (P = 0.22) with normal faeces. The positive predictive value of isolation of C. perfringens with respect to the presence of CPE was only 60% in adult horses and 64% in foals. There was no association between total C. perfringens spore count and CPE in the faeces. The overall mortality rate from colitis was 22% for adult horses and 18% for foals. Clostridium difficile toxin‐positive adult horses with colitis were less likely to survive than C. difficile‐negative horses with colitis (P = 0.03). This study provides further evidence that C. difficile and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens are associated with equine enterocolitis.

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Examination of bovine faeces for the isolation and identification of Clostridium species

Cited by 20 publications

References 16 publications

Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection.

Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection.

The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales

A prospective study of the roles ofClostridium difficileand enterotoxigenicClostridium perfringensin equine diarrhoea

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