Examination of a procedure for the production of a simulated filter-based air particulate matter reference material

Heller-Zeisler, Susan; Fajgelj, A.; Bernasconi, Gabriel D.; Tajani, A.; Zeisler, Rolf

doi:10.1007/s002160050731

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…For the purpose of producing a CRM by a collection of naturally occurring PM 2.5 , an approach was described by Heller-Zeisler et al using collections on filters by suspending ambient particulate matter in ultra-pure water [13]. This principle was later used to produce NIST SRM 2783.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ideally, the material should be authentic air-sampled PM 2.5 . But for the reasons discussed above, an approximation based on, for example, filtration of suspended fine particles, re-suspension of existing particulate matter materials or jet-milling of roadside dust has been used to produce the already existing air particulate matter CRMs from NIST (SRM2783, SRM2786 and SRM2787) and the EC-JRC (ERM-CZ100 and ERM-CZ120), respectively [10, 11, 13, 14]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the Mason-Weaver equation, particles with larger hydrodynamic diameters sediment at a higher speed than smaller particles [16]. This approach is based on a wet route where some alteration of the chemical composition is inevitable because soluble components are dissolved, as pointed out by Heller-Zeiser et al [13, 14]. On the other hand, since the solvent (water) is removed during spray drying, the solutes will adsorb back onto the particles during drying in contrast to a method only based on filtration [13].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of a PM2.5-like reference material in sufficient quantities for accurate monitoring of anions and cations in fine atmospheric dust

et al. 2017

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A reference material of a PM2.5-like atmospheric dust material has been prepared using a newly developed method. It is intended to certify values for the mass fraction of SO4 2−, NO3 −, Cl− (anions) and Na+, K+, NH4 +, Ca2+, Mg2+ (cations) in this material. A successful route for the preparation of the candidate reference material is described alongside with two alternative approaches that were abandoned. First, a PM10-like suspension was allowed to stand for 72 h. Next, 90% of the volume was siphoned off. The suspension was spiked with appropriate levels of the desired ions just prior to drop-wise shock-freezing in liquid nitrogen. Finally, freeze drying of the resulting ice kernels took place. In using this approach, it was possible to produce about 500 g of PM2.5-like material with appropriate characteristics. Fine dust in 150-mg portions was filled into vials under an inert atmosphere. The final candidate material approaches the EN12341 standard of a PM2.5-material containing the ions mentioned in Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Union. The material should be analysed using the CEN/TR 16269:2011 method for anions and cations in PM2.5 collected on filters. The method described here is a relatively rapid means to obtain large quantities of PM2.5. With access to smaller freeze dryers, still 5 to 10 g per freeze-drying cycle can be obtained. Access to such quantities of PM2.5-like material could potentially be used for different kinds of experiments when performing research in this field. Graphical abstractThe novelty of the method lies in transformation of a suspension with fine particulate matter to a homogeneous and stable powder with characteristics similar to air-sampled PM2,5. The high material yield in a relatively short time is a distinct advantage in comparison with collection of air-sampled PM2,5

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of a PM2.5-like reference material in sufficient quantities for accurate monitoring of anions and cations in fine atmospheric dust

et al. 2017

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“…Possible bias between 1NAA and other techniques in these measurements directed investigations into suitable intercomparison materials and the production of reference materials; new materials were considered necessary and their production has been examined. 5 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On achieving measurement quality in air pollution studies employing nuclear techniques

Zeisler

Heller-Zeisler

Fajgelj

1998

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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Instrumental neutron activation, proton induced X-ray emission and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence procedures were employed for trace element determinations in samples of fractionated air particulate matter deposited on filters. The techniques are well suited to analyse the generally small samples. However, indications of bias between techniques were found in the analysis of individual filters. This may be rectified with the development of matched reference materials. The three techniques were used in this work to determine trace elements in bulk samples of air particulate matter and in a set of intercomparison samples of fine air particulate matter on filters. The test results on these materials showed good agreement among the employed techniques and demonstrated the quality potential of air particulate analyses. 1IntroductionDespite the several decades of analytical research in air particulate matter characterization, the determination of the chemical composition of air particulate matter is not a trivial task and therefore research on effects and causes of pollution by air particulate matter also faces difficulties in the analytical investigations; quantitative chemical analysis results are often not readily accepted due to the complex nature of the determinations. The focus of many current studies has been on relating health effects to size-fractionated air particulate matter, especially on the air particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED) of less than 10 p.m, which constitute "inhalable particles" (called PM-10 particles), 1 and further to particles with AED less than or equal to 2.5 p.m (PM-2.5), which are considered the high risk respirable fraction. These studies are complicated by the generally small amounts of samples available and the large number of samples needed for a representative characterization of the ambient atmosphere, the need for multi-parameter characterization in a complex matrix, and the form in which most commonly samples are obtained from the ambient air, namely as deposits on filters or impactor foils.Sampling and sample parameters and analytical requirements have contributed to the dominance of three techniques in the field of PM-10 characterization: instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and energydispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (ED-XRF). All techniques are capable of instrumental multi-element characterizations and are generally carried out nondestructively with PIXE and XRF determinations often employed to provide relative instead of absolute quantitative information. These techniques were commonly established only in highly specialized institutes with a limited number of physicists and chemists carrying out the analytical work, therefore being limited in capacity for the air pollution studies. Due to the increased demand for the characterization of airborne pollutants in ever more countries around the globe, new institutions and new (nuclear physics) instrumentation have been entering the field to...

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“…There is only one CRM of a similar type, BCR CRM 128 "Fly ash on artificial filters", which has a considerably different composition for many elements compared with real aerosol samples, because it is formed by a methyl cellulose foil with a deposited amount of BCR CRM 038 "Fly ash from combustion of pulverized coal" [3]. Over the past several years the International Atomic Energy Agency has been developing simulated APM filters in limited quantities, mostly for the quality control purposes of the Agency-co-ordinated air pollution studies, with special reference to the use of nuclear and nuclear-related analytical techniques [4,5,6]. The preparation of CRMs of APM on a filter is currently in progress at IRMM [7] and NIST [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality control materials for the determination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter

et al. 2002

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The development of quality control materials for the determination of selected trace elements in air pollution studies is described. Three types of test samples were prepared for proficiency testing: (1) filters loaded with PM10 fraction of urban air particulate matter (APM) using high-volume air samplers, which were subsequently divided into smaller sections, (2) a bulk sample of APM collected in an automobile tunnel in Prague, and (3) simulated air filters loaded with APM using a wet deposition process. Homogeneity of the test samples was studied using instrumental neutron activation analysis, proton induced X-ray emission and atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Sufficiently homogeneous samples were prepared by all three procedures. The simulated air filters appeared to be the most suitable test samples for proficiency testing.

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Examination of a procedure for the production of a simulated filter-based air particulate matter reference material

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Preparation of a PM2.5-like reference material in sufficient quantities for accurate monitoring of anions and cations in fine atmospheric dust

Preparation of a PM2.5-like reference material in sufficient quantities for accurate monitoring of anions and cations in fine atmospheric dust

On achieving measurement quality in air pollution studies employing nuclear techniques

Quality control materials for the determination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter

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