“…Exact (Mohyud-Din, Irshad, Ahmed, & Khan, 2017;Sun & Chen, 2018), fractional (Khan, Ellahi, Khan, & Mohyud-Din, 2017), optimal (Sikander, Khan, Ahmed, & Mohyud-Din, 2017; and numerical (Abd-Alla, El-Naggar, Abd-Alla, Fahmy, & El-Shahat, 2008;;Fahmy, 2008;Iqbal, Mohyud-Din, & Bin-Mohsin, 2016;Mohamed, 2019;Mohyud-Din, Noor, & Noor, 2009;Mohyud-Din, Yıldırım, & Sarıaydın, 2011;Shakeel & Mohyud-Din, 2015) solutions have been implemented in various physical problems. Topology optimization is a numerical design method which optimizes material distribution in a design domain under given loads, boundary conditions and constraints.…”