Ex vivo photoacoustic imaging of atherosclerotic carotid plaques

Monte Carlo and Tissue-Phantom studies of Photoacoustic Imaging of Carotid Intraplaque Haemorrhage

“…The above attempts all focused primarily on detecting lipid-rich plaques as means for contrast. Alternatively, Arabul et al used ex-vivo PAI imaging of carotid endarterectomy plaque samples to confirm the presence of IPH that was otherwise invisible using US imaging [49]. There is no literature on the use of non-invasive use of PAI for detecting IPH, however.…”

“…The imaging of carotid plaques in-vivo has been shown to be feasible [46][47][48][49][50]. However, current attempts of carotid plaques are either invasive (e.g intravascular) and/or target lipidrich cores in carotid plaques instead of IPH for contrast in carotid plaque.…”

“…Skin is typically divided into its three constituents layers, with the epidermis on the top, then the dermis and hypodermis. The hypodermis is often Epidermal and dermal thicknesses range from 60 to 100µm and 2 to 4mm, respectively [49,50]. The thickness of the subcutaneous layer shows more variance from to person, especially between thin and obese patients.…”

Review of Low-Cost Photoacoustic Sensing and Imaging Based on Laser Diode and Light-Emitting Diode

“…For ex vivo imaging, several imaging systems are tested on chicken breast, mouse ear and porcine ovary etc. [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. For in vivo imaging, blood vessels [ 26 , 51 , 52 ], hemoglobin monitor [ 53 ] and animal brain [ 54 ] imaging systems are also studied based on pulsed laser diodes.…”

SVD-based filtering to detect intraplaque hemorrhage using single wavelength photoacoustic imaging

“…Previous studies have shown that PAI is very sensitive to hemoglobin and can thereby be used to detect IPH. 18 – 20 To be able to identify IPH in vivo , we must differentiate the PA signal generated by IPHs from the blood flow in the adjacent carotid lumen and/or other blood vessels such as arterioles and veins. This generally requires multiple laser wavelengths to either measure the blood oxygenation level 21 or characterize the different hemoglobin types, such as deoxyhemoglobin and met-hemoglobin, 22 – 26 which increases cost and complexity, and reduces PA imaging speed.…”