Evolving science of marine reserves: New developments and emerging research frontiers

Gaines, Steven D.; Lester, Sarah E.; Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten; Costello, Christopher; Pollnac, Richard Β.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1002098107

Cited by 145 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Tight regulations are needed to meet future marine fisheries and conservation objectives. Spatially explicit quotas and closures are common management actions for restoring fish populations and promoting sustainable 'ecosystem-based fisheries management' 3 . Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing poses a major threat to sustainable fisheries, constituting approximately one-fifth of the global catch 4,5 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification

et al. 2012

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Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing has had a major role in the overexploitation of global fish populations. In response, international regulations have been imposed and many fisheries have been 'eco-certified' by consumer organizations, but methods for independent control of catch certificates and eco-labels are urgently needed. Here we show that, by using geneassociated single nucleotide polymorphisms, individual marine fish can be assigned back to population of origin with unprecedented high levels of precision. By applying high differentiation single nucleotide polymorphism assays, in four commercial marine fish, on a pan-European scale, we find 93-100% of individuals could be correctly assigned to origin in policy-driven case studies. We show how case-targeted single nucleotide polymorphism assays can be created and forensically validated, using a centrally maintained and publicly available database. our results demonstrate how application of gene-associated markers will likely revolutionize origin assignment and become highly valuable tools for fighting illegal fishing and mislabelling worldwide.

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confidence: 99%

Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification

et al. 2012

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“…More recent articulation of sustainability science, however, indicates a greater concern for environment than for development, with a core research agenda to understand the structures and processes that shape human-environment interactions (46). Indeed, although this journal, in particular, has highlighted the application of sustainability science to pressing social problems such as, for example, climate change vulnerability and adaptation (47), poverty reduction (48), and marine conservation (49), most of these analyses draw from the natural sciences and certain branches of economic thought (institutional economics, welfare economics).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovations in capture fisheries are an imperative for nutrition security in the developing world

Hall

Hilborn

Andrew

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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This article examines two strands of discourse on wild capture fisheries; one that focuses on resource sustainability and environmental impacts, another related to food and nutrition security and human well-being. Available data and research show that, for countries most dependent on fish to meet the nutritional requirements of their population, wild capture fisheries remain the dominant supplier. Although, contrary to popular narratives, the sustainability of these fisheries is not always and everywhere in crisis, securing their sustainability is essential and requires considerable effort across a broad spectrum of fishery systems. An impediment to achieving this is that the current research and policy discourses on environmental sustainability of fisheries and food security remain only loosely and superficially linked. Overcoming this requires adoption of a broader sustainability science paradigm to help harness synergies and negotiate tradeoffs between food security, resource conservation, and macroeconomic development goals. The way society chooses to govern fisheries is, however, an ethical choice, not just a technical one, and we recommend adding an ethical dimension to sustainability science as applied to fisheries.

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“…Establishing large MPAs is therefore one strategy for meeting spatial marine conservation targets more efficiently. Evidence shows that large MPAs have benefits: they better protect species with larger ranges, can encompass a range of ecosystems and habitats to ensure connectivity, and provide a larger buffer against anthropogenic impacts for sensitive species and ecosystems (Gaines et al, 2010a;Agardy et al, 2011;Costello, 2014;Dudley et al, 2014;. However, although protecting very large and remote, near-pristine areas of ocean will have undoubtable benefit, there is a concern that large offshore MPAs are being designated in the rush to the 10% target at the expense of coastal waters, to avoid stakeholder conflict (Devillers et al, 2014;Shugart-Schmidt et al, 2015).…”

Section: Create Large Mpasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring MPAs in Continental North America: How Well Protected Are the Ocean Estates of Canada, Mexico, and the USA?

et al. 2017

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a well-established conservation strategy, employed around the world to protect important marine species and ecosystems and support the recovery of declining populations. The continental waters of North America contain remarkable biodiversity, but many species face increasing pressure from overexploitation, climate change, and other anthropogenic impacts. Canada, Mexico, and the USA have pledged to protect at least 10% of their marine and coastal waters by 2020 as signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and have made efforts to establish MPAs. These MPAs vary widely in terms of levels of protection and designation processes; information that is not reflected in official statistics. To this end, we critically examined progress toward the CBD target for marine protection in continental North American waters to determine how well ocean ecosystems are protected by MPAs. We reviewed government data to determine whether MPAs met four criteria: legal designation, permanence, presence of an administrative structure, and a completed management plan. Sites that met all four criteria were categorized as "implemented." Any sites that failed to meet one or more criterion were considered "incompletely implemented" and excluded from the analysis. We also calculated the amount of "fully-protected" MPAs in which all extractive uses are prohibited. We found that <1% of North America's continental ocean is protected, and only 0.04% is fully-protected. Canada has the least area protected with just 0.11% in implemented MPAs, and 0.01% in fully-protected MPAs. Mexico and the USA have 1.62 and 1.29% in implemented MPAs, and 0.11 and 0.03% in fully-protected MPAs, respectively. Results show that many North American MPAs are incompletely implemented and therefore currently fail to provide adequate protection. The inclusion of such sites in official government statistics can inflate the perception of how much, and how well, the ocean is protected. We outline some of the major challenges to MPA establishment in each country and offer recommendations to increase the number and effectiveness of MPAs in North America.

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Evolving science of marine reserves: New developments and emerging research frontiers

Cited by 145 publications

References 42 publications

Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification

Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification

Innovations in capture fisheries are an imperative for nutrition security in the developing world

Measuring MPAs in Continental North America: How Well Protected Are the Ocean Estates of Canada, Mexico, and the USA?

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