Evolving Recommendations for Vaccinating the Immunocompromised Patient

Wolfe, Skip; Bhatt, Achal

doi:10.1097/00124784-200511000-00015

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Increased numbers of HIV ϩ populations in developing countries, including patients who submit to vaccination without prior knowledge of their HIV status, are at particular risk for vaccine-induced disease after immunization with replicating vaccine vectors (100 -102). In the U.S., the current "General Recommendations on Immunization" published by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices state that in contrast to inactivated vaccines that are safe for immunocompromised persons, live vaccines are contraindicated because they may cause complications related to enhanced vector replication (102,103). This is particularly the case for live attenuated bacterial vaccines (bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Salmonella vectors) for which the primary response is cell mediated (103).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane Vesicles Are Immunogenic Facsimiles of Salmonella typhimurium That Potently Activate Dendritic Cells, Prime B and T Cell Responses, and Stimulate Protective Immunity In Vivo

Alaniz¹,

Deatherage

Lara

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

259

152

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Gram-negative bacteria produce membrane vesicles (MVs) from their outer membrane during growth, although the mechanism for MV production and the advantage that MVs provide for bacterial survival in vivo remain unknown. MVs function as an alternate secretion pathway for Gram-negative bacteria; therefore, MV production in vivo may be one method by which bacteria interact with eukaryotic cells. However, the interactions between MVs and cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems have not been studied extensively. In this study, we demonstrate that MVs from Salmonella typhimurium potently stimulated professional APCs in vitro. Similar to levels induced by bacterial cells, MV-stimulated macrophages and dendritic cells displayed increased surface expression of MHC-II and CD86 and enhanced production of the proinflammatory mediators NO, TNF-α, and IL-12. MV-mediated dendritic cell stimulation occurred by TLR4-dependent and -independent signals, indicating the stimulatory properties of Salmonella MVs, which contain LPS, do not strictly rely on signaling through TLR4. In addition to their strong proinflammatory properties, MVs contained Ags recognized by Salmonella-specific B cells and CD4+ T cells; MV-vaccinated mice generated Salmonella-specific Ig and CD4+ T cell responses in vivo and were significantly protected from infectious challenge with live Salmonella. Our findings demonstrate that MVs possess important inflammatory properties as well as B and T cell Ags known to influence the development of Salmonella-specific immunity to infection in vivo. Our findings also reveal MVs are a functional nonviable complex vaccine for Salmonella by their ability to prime protective B and T cell responses in vivo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane Vesicles Are Immunogenic Facsimiles of Salmonella typhimurium That Potently Activate Dendritic Cells, Prime B and T Cell Responses, and Stimulate Protective Immunity In Vivo

Alaniz¹,

Deatherage

Lara

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

259

152

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“…EBST remained metabolically active yet unable to multiply in vitro and in vivo. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised population who suffer from congenital immunodeficiency, immunosuppressive therapies, HIV patients are at risk of vaccine induced diseases after immunization with replicating vaccines [4,5]. Being a non-replicating immune-modulator provides added advantage for immunizing immunocompromised individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, live attenuated vaccines are considered more effective compared to inactivated/ killed or subunit vaccines, because of their ability to preserve the integrity of immunological epitopes thereby eliciting enhanced cell mediated immune responses [2,3]. However, safety concerns limit the utilization of live/attenuated preparations as vaccines, especially considering the increasing number of chronically immunocompromised individuals, with a high risk of contracting vaccine-induced diseases after immunization [4,5]. Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or heat are commonly used to develop inactivated or "killed" vaccines [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of microbiological correlates and immunostimulatory potential of electron beam inactivated metabolically active yet non culturable (MAyNC) Salmonella Typhimurium

Praveen¹,

Bhatia²,

Alaniz

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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This study investigates the microbiological and immunological basis underlying the efficacy of electron beam-inactivated immune modulators. The underlying hypothesis is that exposure to eBeam-based ionization reactions inactivate microorganisms without modifying their antigenic properties and thereby creating immune modulators. The immunological correlates of protection induced by such eBeam based Salmonella Typhimurium (EBST) immune modulators in dendritic cell (DC) (in vitro) and mice (in vivo) models were assessed. The EBST stimulated innate pro inflammatory response (TNFα) and maturation (MHC-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86) of DC. Immuno-stimulatory potential of EBST was on par with both a commercial Salmonella vaccine, and live Salmonella cells. The EBST cells did not multiply under permissive in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, EBST cells remained metabolically active. EBST immunized mice developed Salmonella-specific CD4+ T-cells that produced the Th1 cytokine IFNγ at a level similar to that induced by the live attenuated vaccine (AroA- ST) formulation. The EBST retained stable immunogenic properties for several months at room temperature, 4°C, and -20°C as well as after lyophilization. Therefore, such eBeam-based immune modulators have potential as vaccine candidates since they offer the safety of a “killed” vaccine, while retaining the immunogenicity of an “attenuated” vaccine. The ability to store eBeam based immune modulators at room temperature without loss of potency is also noteworthy.

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Opportunistic Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Patrick¹

2009

Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

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Evolving Recommendations for Vaccinating the Immunocompromised Patient

Abstract: This article describes smallpox vaccination in the immunocompromised, the use of live attenuated flu vaccine in the immunocompromised, and the appearance of a new adult vaccination schedule.

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Membrane Vesicles Are Immunogenic Facsimiles of Salmonella typhimurium That Potently Activate Dendritic Cells, Prime B and T Cell Responses, and Stimulate Protective Immunity In Vivo

Membrane Vesicles Are Immunogenic Facsimiles of Salmonella typhimurium That Potently Activate Dendritic Cells, Prime B and T Cell Responses, and Stimulate Protective Immunity In Vivo

Assessment of microbiological correlates and immunostimulatory potential of electron beam inactivated metabolically active yet non culturable (MAyNC) Salmonella Typhimurium

Opportunistic Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

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