Evolving epidemiology of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh: evidence from outbreaks during 2010–2011

Chakraborty, Apurba; Sazzad, Hossain M.S.; Hossain, M. Jahangir; Islam, Md. Saiful; Parveen, Shahana; Husain, Mohammad Mushtuq; Banu, Shakila; Podder, Goutam; Afroj, Sayma; Rollin, Pierre E.; Daszak, Peter; Luby, Stephen P.; Rahman, Mahmudur; Gurley, Emily S.

doi:10.1017/s0950268815001314

Cited by 55 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Person-to-person transmission is an important pathway for NiV-BD infection of people [ 2 ], while for NiV-MY most patients acquired their infection from domestic pigs [ 3 , 4 ]. It has been suggested that a greater prevalence and severity of respiratory disease signs in patients infected with NiV-BD may facilitate person-to-person transmission by this strain [ 2 , 5 ], and exposure to respiratory secretions from patients is reported to be a major risk factor for onward NiV-BD transmission [ 6 , 7 ]. However, NiV-MY has also been isolated from respiratory secretions [ 8 ], and so the factors responsible for different strain attack rates remain poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature of Exposure Drives Transmission of Nipah Viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh in Ferrets

et al. 2016

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Person-to-person transmission is a key feature of human Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh. In contrast, in an outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia, people acquired infections from pigs. It is not known whether this important epidemiological difference is driven primarily by differences between NiV Bangladesh (NiV-BD) and Malaysia (NiV-MY) at a virus level, or by environmental or host factors. In a time course study, ferrets were oronasally exposed to equivalent doses of NiV-BD or NiV-MY. More rapid onset of productive infection and higher levels of virus replication in respiratory tract tissues were seen for NiV-BD compared to NiV-MY, corroborating our previous report of increased oral shedding of NiV-BD in ferrets and suggesting a contributory mechanism for increased NiV-BD transmission between people compared to NiV-MY. However, we recognize that transmission occurs within a social and environmental framework that may have an important and differentiating role in NiV transmission rates. With this in mind, ferret-to-ferret transmission of NiV-BD and NiV-MY was assessed under differing viral exposure conditions. Transmission was not identified for either virus when naïve ferrets were cohoused with experimentally-infected animals. In contrast, all naïve ferrets developed acute infection following assisted and direct exposure to oronasal fluid from animals that were shedding either NiV-BD or NiV-MY. Our findings for ferrets indicate that, although NiV-BD may be shed at higher levels than NiV-MY, transmission risk may be equivalently low under exposure conditions provided by cohabitation alone. In contrast, active transfer of infected bodily fluids consistently results in transmission, regardless of the virus strain. These observations suggest that the risk of NiV transmission is underpinned by social and environmental factors, and will have practical implications for managing transmission risk during outbreaks of human disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature of Exposure Drives Transmission of Nipah Viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh in Ferrets

et al. 2016

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“…Later on, variable flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) and large flying fox (P. vampyrus) were found as natural reservoir hosts for Nipah virus (Chua et al, 2002a;Chua et al, 2002b). Nipah virus associated disease was also reported from human in Bangladesh (Sazzad et al, 2013;Chakraborty et al, 2016). Nipah virus outbreak in Bangladesh was very similar to Malaysian outbreak in several aspects such as fever, central nervous system signs, delayed recognition and a high case fatality rate.…”

Section: Henipavirus (Hendra and Nipah Virus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bats: carriers of zoonotic viral and emerging infectious diseases

Ranjan¹,

Prasad²,

Prasad³

2016

JEBAS

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“…P. medius individuals feed on wild and cultivated fruits and flowers, and visit date palm trees during sap collection to feed on the sap stream (Khan et al, 2010). Drinking date palm sap contaminated with urine or saliva of NiV-infected bats has been identified as a major route of zoonotic transmission of NiV (Chakraborty et al, 2016;Luby & Gurley, 2015). However, humanto-human NiV transmissions represent 33% of known Nipah virus human cases from Bangladesh between 2001 and 2014 (Nikolay et al, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetics of fruit bat reservoir informs the dynamics, distribution and diversity of Nipah virus

et al. 2019

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The structure and connectivity of wildlife host populations may influence zoonotic disease dynamics, evolution and therefore spillover risk to people. Fruit bats in the genus Pteropus, or flying foxes, are the primary natural reservoir for henipaviruses—a group of emerging paramyxoviruses that threaten livestock and public health. In Bangladesh, Pteropus medius is the reservoir for Nipah virus—and viral spillover has led to human fatalities nearly every year since 2001. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers to measure the population structure, demographic history and phylogeography of P. medius in Bangladesh. We combine this with a phylogeographic analysis of all known Nipah virus sequences and strains currently available to better inform the dynamics, distribution and evolutionary history of Nipah virus. We show that P. medius is primarily panmictic, but combined analysis of microsatellite and morphological data shows evidence for differentiation of two populations in eastern Bangladesh, corresponding to a divergent strain of Nipah virus also found in bats from eastern Bangladesh. Our demographic analyses indicate that a large, expanding population of flying foxes has existed in Bangladesh since the Late Pleistocene, coinciding with human population expansion in South Asia, suggesting repeated historical spillover of Nipah virus likely occurred. We present the first evidence of mitochondrial introgression, or hybridization, between P. medius and flying fox species found in South‐East Asia (P. vampyrus and P. hypomelanus), which may help to explain the distribution of Nipah virus strains across the region.

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Evolving epidemiology of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh: evidence from outbreaks during 2010–2011

Cited by 55 publications

References 29 publications

The Nature of Exposure Drives Transmission of Nipah Viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh in Ferrets

The Nature of Exposure Drives Transmission of Nipah Viruses from Malaysia and Bangladesh in Ferrets

Bats: carriers of zoonotic viral and emerging infectious diseases

Population genetics of fruit bat reservoir informs the dynamics, distribution and diversity of Nipah virus

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