Evolving a flocculation process for isolating lignosulfonate from solution

Although antibiotics are beneficial for treating infections, their release into the environment has raised global concerns. In this work, the interactions of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) derivatives with sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and doxycycline (DOX) antibiotics were studied fundamentally. CNC was carboxyalkylated to bear different carbon chain lengths but similar negative charges on its surface. The highest level of adsorption of DOX on the carboxypantadecanated CNC (i.e., carboxyalkylated CNC with more carbon spacer, PCNC) occurred at pH 6.0, which was due to the electrostatic and π interactions along with hydrogen bonding. The contact angle and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) adsorption analyses revealed a faster interaction and adsorption of DOX than other antibiotics on PCNC. The results also depicted the diffusion of DOX into the porous structure of CNC derivatives, especially that of PCNC. Also, a more compact adsorbed layer of DOX was formed on PCNC than on other CNC derivatives. Carboxyalkylation was observed to slightly reduce the surface area of CNC, while the antibiotic adsorption drastically increased the surface area of CNC due to their adsorption on the surface. XPS analysis revealed that carboxyalkylation significantly enhanced the

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“…Measurements were repeated three times for each sample, and their average was revealed. 34 2.6. Antibiotic Adsorption Analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were then stirred at room temperature for 2 2 h, and their zeta potential was measured as explained earlier. Measurements were repeated three times for each sample, and their average was revealed …”

Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Carboxyalkylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Antibiotics

Feizi

Fatehi

2021

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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“…Delignification occurs in acidic or neutral sulfite cooking solutions. Under either acidic or neutral conditions, the basic structural units can be transformed into unstable quinone intermediates [32] . This processing mechanism is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Source and Structure Of Water‐soluble Lignosulfonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water‐soluble Lignosulfonates: Structure, Preparation, and Application

et al. 2023

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As one of the key raw materials that replace petroleum materials in today‘s world, biomass resources could be regarded as a promising resource. Currently, lignin and its derivatives are the only lignocellulosic biomass found to possess aromatic rings. Extending the application area of lignin requires overcoming the limitations of its low hydrophilicity. Sulfonation process becomes the most effective method for preparing lignosulfonates. An analysis of the mechanisms by which different lignosulfonates are prepared. It compared the effects of various modification methods on charge density and sulfonate group content in lignosulfonates. It also examined how different separation techniques affect the properties of lignosulfonates. As a result of being more water‐soluble, there is also a review of cutting‐edge research in the fields of energy, medicine, and agriculture. Also, the possible uses of lignosulfonate are talked about, and ideas are given for how this compound could be improved in the future.

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“…Lignin is considered the most abundant, eco-friendly and renewable aromatic compound resource on Earth, 1–3 but its complex structure and poor dispersion make its direct utilization difficult. Lignosulfonate (LS), as one of the derivatives of lignin, is a type of by-product from the pulp and paper making industry, 4–6 which not only can maintain the primary aromatic framework and multiple active functional groups of lignin, but simultaneously introduce multi-sulfonic functional groups during sulfite pulping. 7,8 Based on the hydrophobic aromatic skeleton and hydrophilic sulfonated functionalized chains, LS presents typical amphiphilic behavior, further broadening the application scope of lignin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%