Evolutionary transition of doublesex regulation in termites and cockroaches: from sex-specific splicing to male-specific transcription

Abstract

The sex determination gene doublesex (dsx), which encodes a transcription factor with two domains: oligomerisation domain 1 (OD1) and OD2, is conserved among insects. The sex-specific Dsx splicing isoforms regulate the transcription of target genes and trigger sex differentiation in all holometabolous insects examined to date. However, in some hemimetabolous insects, dsx is less conserved and not spliced sexually. Here, to elucidate evolutionary changes in dsx in the gene structure and its regulatory manner in termites, we searched genome and/or transcriptome databases for the OD1 and OD2 of dsx in six termite species and their sister group (woodroach). Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified OD1 sequences of termites and a woodroach clustered with dsx of holometabolous insects and regarded them as dsx orthologues. In the woodroach, a dsx orthologue containing OD2 was spliced sexually, as previously shown in other insects. However, OD2 were not found in all termite dsx orthologues. These orthologues were encoded by only a single exon in three termites with genome information; they were not alternatively spliced, but transcribed in a male-specific manner in two species examined. Evolution of dsx regulation from sex-specific splicing to male-specific transcription might be occurred at the early stage of social evolution in termites.

Male’s influence on the primary sex ratio bias in Ryukyu drywood termite

“…In termites, sex-linked genetic markers have been reported in three species, including N. sugioi (Fournier et al, 2016;Hayashi et al, 2017;Agarie et al, 2020). Moreover, dsx, which is a conserved gene for sex determination in insects, has also been identified in several species (Miyazaki et al, 2021). However, the genetic cascade underlying termite sex determination remains unclear.…”